p.15
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are trichobezoars?
Hairballs formed from ingested hair.
p.15
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are phytobezoars?
Bezoars formed from ingested plant material.
p.16
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What type of paint is associated with lead poisoning?
Flakes of red lead-containing paint.
p.56
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach
What are the gastric nematodes affecting horses?
1. Draschia (Habronema) megastoma 2. Trichostrongylus axei.
p.67
Neoplasms of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is a characteristic appearance of squamous cell carcinoma in the horse's stomach?
Thickened, Swiss cheese-like holes and craters.
p.10
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is a common cause of Thrush in pigs?
Secondary after debilitating disease.
p.7
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What are the two main causes of diaphragmatic hernia?
Trauma or congenital factors.
p.36
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
How can damage to the vagal nerve affect the abomasum?
It can lead to abomasal impaction.
p.18
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What type of trauma is associated with the reticulum?
Trauma to the reticulum can occur due to foreign bodies.
p.62
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are the effects of Haemonchus contortus and H. placei on ruminants?
They cause anaemia and bottle jaw.
p.38
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What is gastric infarction in pigs associated with?
Circulatory disturbances.
p.49
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What is hyperkeratosis in the context of the pars oesophagea?
It is a condition characterized by thickened skin or mucous membranes.
p.45
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What is a common cause of gastric and abomasal ulceration?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (e.g., aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin).
p.26
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What causes a pulmonary embolic aneurysm?
Typically caused by a blood clot that travels to the lungs, leading to increased pressure and potential aneurysm formation.
p.59
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is a significant effect of female Haemonchus in ruminants?
They suck blood and cause severe anemia.
p.61
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the consequence of decreased HCl synthesis in the abomasum?
Pepsinogen is not activated to pepsin.
p.36
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are some thoracic lesions that can cause abomasal impaction?
Pneumonia, pleuritis, and lymphosarcoma (LSA).
p.35
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the visible symptoms of gastric dilatation and volvulus?
Swollen stomach and spleen.
p.35
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What factor is released due to pancreatic ischemia in gastric dilatation and volvulus?
Myocardial depressant factor.
p.24
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is Mycotic Rumenitis?
A fungal infection affecting the rumen.
p.50
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What type of epithelium is affected by fissures in ulceration of the pars oesophagea?
Parakeratotic epithelium.
p.28
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are papillomas?
Benign tumors caused by viral infections.
p.1
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What is stenosis in the oesophagus?
A narrowing caused by scar tissue, external pressure, or conditions like persistent right 4th aortic arch.
p.57
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the parasitic disease caused by Hyostrongylus rubidus in pigs?
Catarrhal to ulcerative gastritis.
p.64
Neoplasms of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is a characteristic finding in cats with gastric lymphoma?
Localized thickening of the mucosa.
p.64
Neoplasms of the Stomach and Abomasum
In which other animal is gastric lymphoma found alongside cats?
Cattle, particularly with enzootic bovine leukosis.
p.61
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What do Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae induce in the abomasum of ruminants?
Hyperplasia and metaplasia of the surrounding epithelium.
p.61
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What happens to blood pepsinogen levels in the presence of Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae?
Increased blood pepsinogen.
p.30
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the scientific name for the conical fluke?
Calicophoron calicophorum.
p.30
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the significance of Calicophoron calicophorum?
Usually little significance.
p.28
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What does IBR stand for in the context of viral infections of forestomachs?
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis.
p.4
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What are common symptoms of megaoesophagus?
Regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and weight loss.
p.47
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the symptoms of bleeding ulcers?
Melaena and haematemesis.
p.63
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
Which animals are affected by Ollulanus tricuspis?
Cats, lions, tigers, and cheetahs.
p.25
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What serious condition can occur due to caudal vena caval thrombosis following rumen acidosis?
Pulmonary embolic aneurysm (PEA).
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is thrush in the context of mycotic infections?
A fungal infection affecting the mouth and esophagus, often seen in young animals.
p.17
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What is a Trichobezoar?
A type of bezoar formed from hair.
p.34
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What is gastric dilatation and volvulus commonly seen in?
Large breed dogs with deep chests, such as German Shepherds.
p.49
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What does normal pars oesophagea indicate?
It indicates healthy esophageal tissue in pigs.
p.23
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is a potential consequence of abscesses caused by Rumen Necrobacillosis?
They may invade the caudal vena cava to cause thrombosis.
p.29
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
Is Scabby Mouth a contagious disease?
Yes, it is contagious among affected animals.
p.29
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What causes Scabby Mouth?
It is caused by a virus known as the Orf virus.
What are common symptoms of achalasia?
Difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of food, and chest pain.
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is rinderpest?
A viral disease that affects cattle, characterized by fever and erosive lesions.
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is oesophagitis?
Inflammation of the esophagus, which can be caused by various infections.
p.14
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What type of tumors can develop from granulomas caused by Spirocerca lupi?
Sarcomas, typically fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?
Involves ingestion by dung beetles, larval migration through the stomach wall, and eventual migration to the esophagus.
p.20
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What effect does an enlarged rumen have on the oesophagus?
It compresses the oesophagus, stopping blood flow.
p.33
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is dilation in the context of gastrointestinal disorders?
An abnormal enlargement of a hollow organ, such as the stomach or abomasum.
p.3
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is Foreign Body Pressure Necrosis?
A condition caused by prolonged pressure from a foreign object leading to tissue damage.
p.60
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What type of hyperplasia do Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae cause in ruminants?
Adenomatoid hyperplasia of the mucosa.
p.16
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What are some sources of lead poisoning?
Old car batteries and sinkers.
p.10
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
Where does Thrush commonly extend from in pigs?
Pars oesophagea of the pig’s stomach.
p.5
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is Persistent Right Aortic Arch?
A congenital condition where the aorta forms on the right side instead of the left.
p.5
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What are the clinical signs of Persistent Right Aortic Arch?
Signs may include regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.
p.1
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What is atresia in the context of the oesophagus?
A congenital condition where there is no lumen.
p.4
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What is megaoesophagus?
A condition characterized by an enlarged esophagus that cannot effectively move food to the stomach.
p.8
Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception
Which other organs may be involved in gastro-oesophageal intussusception?
Possible involvement of the spleen and pancreas.
p.21
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is a primary cause of rumenitis?
Grain overload (rumen acidosis).
p.13
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What neoplasm can form in the dog's oesophagus due to Spirocerca lupi?
Granuloma can form sarcoma.
p.26
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolic aneurysm?
Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood.
p.32
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is dilation/volvulus in dogs?
A condition where the stomach dilates and may twist, leading to severe complications.
p.27
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What can cause Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Ingesting nails, wire, etc.
p.15
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are plastic drench cartridges?
Plastic substances that can be ingested and cause obstruction.
p.54
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the two surfaces affected by gastric ulcers in dogs and cats?
Serosal surface and mucosal surface.
p.48
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
Which type of cancer is associated with abomasal ulcers in cattle?
Lymphoma (enzootic bovine leukosis).
p.28
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is MCF in relation to viral infections?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever.
p.19
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What causes primary rumen tympany?
Grazing legumes and protein fermentation.
p.49
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What is parakeratosis?
It is a condition where there is retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum.
p.47
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What happens to small ulcers in the stomach?
They may granulate and heal.
p.40
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is Oedema disease in pigs associated with?
VTEC E. coli and change to new feed.
p.8
Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception
What is the typical age of dogs affected by gastro-oesophageal intussusception?
Dogs less than 3 months old.
p.25
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
Which fungi are associated with mycotic infarction due to rumen acidosis?
Zygomycete fungi including Mucor, Absidia, and Rhizopus spp.
p.26
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
How is a pulmonary embolic aneurysm diagnosed?
Through imaging techniques such as CT scans or pulmonary angiography.
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is necrobacillosis?
A bacterial infection in cattle caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are common clinical signs of Spirocercosis in dogs?
Sudden death, regurgitation, and presence of eggs in feces or vomitus.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is the treatment for Spirocercosis?
Prevent ingestion of paratenic hosts and use medications like Disophenol and Doramectin.
p.27
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is a serious complication of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Fibrinous pericarditis, also known as 'bread and butter heart'.
p.68
Neoplasms of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are the types of gastric or abomasal neoplasms?
Malignant (e.g., lymphoma or carcinoma) and benign (e.g., adenoma, leiomyoma).
p.7
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
A condition where abdominal organs move into the thoracic cavity.
p.62
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What does Trichostrongylus axei cause in ruminants?
Diarrhoea and bottle jaw.
p.38
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are some causes of septicaemias with vasculitis in pigs?
Salmonella, E. coli, erysipelas, Classical swine fever, swine dysentery.
p.47
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What causes gastric and abomasal ulceration?
Effects of gastric acid and pepsin.
p.8
Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception
What is gastro-oesophageal intussusception?
Invagination of all or parts of the stomach into the thoracic oesophagus.
What is achalasia?
A condition where the esophagus has difficulty moving food into the stomach due to the lower esophageal sphincter not relaxing properly.
p.26
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What is a pulmonary embolic aneurysm?
An aneurysm that occurs in the pulmonary artery due to a blockage from an embolism.
p.2
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What condition can lead to physical blockage in the oesophagus?
PRAA (Persistent Right Aortic Arch).
p.21
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
Which bacteria overgrow during rumen acidosis?
Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus species.
p.22
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is a common cause of grain overload in animals?
Excessive consumption of grains.
p.51
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What can early ulceration in pigs lead to?
Fatal ulceration due to gastrorrhagia.
p.17
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What is a Phytobezoar?
A type of bezoar formed from plant material.
p.48
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What condition can lead to abomasal ulcers due to atony?
'Wire' or displacement of the abomasum.
p.36
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What types of feed can contribute to abomasal impaction?
Roughage and trichobezoars.
p.44
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the normal mucosal protective mechanisms in the stomach?
Bicarbonate covered mucus layer and prostaglandins.
p.44
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What role do prostaglandins play in gastric protection?
They stimulate bicarbonate and mucus secretion and increase blood flow.
p.43
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the effects of fungal infection Zygomycosis in sheep?
Multiple infarcts and ulcers.
p.29
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is Scabby Mouth?
A viral disease affecting sheep and goats, characterized by scabby lesions around the mouth.
p.29
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are the symptoms of Scabby Mouth?
Scabby lesions around the mouth and lips.
p.63
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What are common symptoms of Ollulanus tricuspis infection?
Vomiting, gastritis, ill thrift.
p.40
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What type of toxins are involved in Oedema disease?
Enterotoxin and Shiga toxin.
p.21
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What dietary change leads to rumen acidosis?
High intake of easily digestible carbohydrates.
p.2
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What is a primary cause of megaoesophagus?
Stenosis, such as from Spirocerca granuloma.
p.21
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are the sensory characteristics of increased rumen contents during acidosis?
Fermenting and acid smell.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What can oesophageal granulomas lead to?
Obstruction and vomiting.
p.46
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What can cause gastric ulceration in dogs?
Penetrating foreign body.
p.27
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What happens to the heart in severe cases of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
The heart becomes unable to pump blood.
p.15
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What types of plastic items can be foreign bodies in the forestomach?
Plastic bags, ropes, etc.
p.62
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What symptoms are associated with Ostertagia/Teladorsagia spp. infections?
Diarrhoea, bottle jaw, and raised pepsinogen levels.
p.49
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What is the pars oesophagea in pigs?
It is a part of the esophagus in pigs.
p.44
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What does the bicarbonate covered mucus layer do?
It protects the gastric mucosa.
p.23
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What bacteria are primarily involved in Rumen Necrobacillosis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes.
p.23
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What can happen if emboli spread from the abscesses in Rumen Necrobacillosis?
They can spread to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolic aneurysm (PEA).
p.45
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatories contribute to ulceration?
They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, reducing vascular perfusion.
p.45
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What role do glucocorticoids play in gastric ulceration?
They decrease epithelial turnover and arachidonic acid availability, leading to reduced vascular flow.
p.11
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What type of neoplasia is associated with cats?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC).
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is MCF?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever, a viral disease in cattle.
p.9
Oesophagitis and Related Infections
What is MD in the context of cattle diseases?
Mucosal Disease, associated with BVD virus.
p.32
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is vagal paralysis and what can cause it?
A condition affecting the vagus nerve, which can be caused by traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
p.25
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What neurological condition can arise as a sequela of rumen acidosis?
Polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis).
p.27
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What can puncturing of the rumen or reticulum lead to?
Leakage of fluid into the pericardium.
p.60
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is a characteristic appearance of the mucosa affected by Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae?
It may eventually look like 'Morocco leather'.
p.54
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are some causes of gastric ulcers in dogs and cats?
Foreign bodies, NSAIDs, mast cell tumors, renal disease.
p.62
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What type of infection do Ostertagia/Teladorsagia spp. cause in cattle during autumn/winter?
Type II infection (histotrophic phase).
p.56
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach
What type of granuloma is associated with Draschia?
Nodular Draschia granuloma.
p.53
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What are the characteristics of gastric ulcers in horses?
Numerous small punctate erosions or ulcers.
p.34
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What happens to the stomach during gastric dilatation and volvulus?
The stomach rotates, potentially affecting the spleen, leading to congestion and necrosis.
p.5
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is the treatment for Persistent Right Aortic Arch?
Surgical intervention is often required to relieve the compression.
p.28
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is parapox commonly known as?
Scabby mouth, affecting sheep and deer.
p.19
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are common causes of secondary rumen tympany?
Obstruction and vagal nerve damage.
p.1
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What are some causes of obstruction in the oesophagus?
Stenosis, foreign body, bloat, and intussusception.
p.8
Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception
What are some clinical signs of gastro-oesophageal intussusception?
Acute regurgitation, dyspnoea, haematemesis, shock, and death.
p.25
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What type of ulcers can develop in the abomasum due to rumen acidosis?
Abomasal ulcers – chemical effect and infarcts.
p.33
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is volvulus?
A twisting of the intestine or stomach that can lead to obstruction.
p.50
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What causes ulceration of the pars oesophagea in young pigs?
Finely ground rations, high copper, excessive whey and starch, low protein, and/or high unsaturated fatty acids in diet.
p.28
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What does BVD/MD refer to?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease.
p.1
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What causes hyperkeratosis in the oesophagus?
Vitamin A deficiency and chlorinated naphthalene poisoning.
p.47
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What is a potential consequence of large ulcers?
They may bleed, leading to gastrorrhagia.
p.47
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What type of infection can occur with ulcers?
Secondary infections, especially by fungi.
p.32
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
A condition where there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm allowing abdominal contents to move into the thoracic cavity.
p.40
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What other conditions can lead to cachexia in cattle?
Parasites, arsenic poisoning, and MCF (Malignant Catarrhal Fever).
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What serious complications can arise from larval migration of Spirocerca lupi?
Stenosis, aneurysm, rupture, haemothorax, hypovolaemic shock, and death.
p.33
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is torsion?
A condition where an organ twists on its axis, potentially causing obstruction and compromised blood flow.
p.34
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What factors can contribute to gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs?
Large or poorly digestible meals and high activity shortly after eating.
p.53
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What type of ulcers are most common in horses?
Two large perforated ulcers.
p.53
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
In which region are gastric ulcers most commonly found in horses?
Oesophageal region, especially in foals.
p.53
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What can happen if gastric ulcers in horses bleed?
They can exsanguinate (lose a significant amount of blood).
p.39
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is gastrorrhagia?
Haemorrhage from the stomach.
p.24
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What surfaces are affected in Mycotic Rumenitis?
Serosal surface and mucosal surface.
p.63
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
Are there any eggs found in the feces of hosts infected with Ollulanus tricuspis?
No eggs are found in host feces.
p.45
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What effect does stress have on gastric ulceration?
It decreases epithelial turnover and vascular flow.
p.40
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
Where can Oedema be observed in affected pigs?
Eyelids, forehead, gallbladder, spiral colon mesentery, and abomasal folds.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is Spirocercosis in dogs caused by?
Spirocerca lupi, a parasitic worm.
p.46
Gastric Ulceration and Its Causes
What is a common condition affecting the stomach and abomasum?
Gastric/Abomasal Ulceration.
p.3
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What can cause Foreign Body Pressure Necrosis?
Prolonged presence of a foreign object in the oesophagus or other tissues.
p.4
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What causes megaoesophagus?
It can be caused by neurological disorders, muscular diseases, or obstructions.
p.1
Oesophageal Atresia and Stenosis
What can cause stenosis in young animals?
Persistent right 4th aortic arch and diaphragmatic hernia.
What can be a potential complication of untreated achalasia?
Esophageal dilation or increased risk of esophageal cancer.
How is achalasia typically diagnosed?
Through esophageal manometry, barium swallow studies, or endoscopy.
p.13
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What condition is associated with hypertrophic osteopathy?
Spirocerca lupi infection.
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What diagnostic methods are used for Spirocercosis?
Gastroscopy and radiography (positive barium contrast study).
p.14
Parasitic Diseases of the Stomach and Abomasum
What is Hypertrophic Osteopathy and how is it related to Spirocercosis?
A space-occupying mass in the thoracic cavity can lead to its development.
p.3
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What are the potential consequences of Foreign Body Pressure Necrosis?
Tissue necrosis, inflammation, and possible perforation.
p.26
Neoplasia and Parasitic Infections in the Oesophagus
What are the potential complications of a pulmonary embolic aneurysm?
Can lead to pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, or rupture.
What treatments are available for achalasia?
Medications, pneumatic dilation, or surgical options like Heller myotomy.
p.2
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What is a congenital cause of megaoesophagus?
Congenital megaoesophagus in German Shepherd Dogs (GSD).
p.32
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What is abomasal displacement to the left?
A condition where the abomasum moves from its normal position, potentially leading to volvulus or torsion.
p.2
Megaoesophagus and Achalasia
What are other causes of megaoesophagus?
Polymyositis and Lead/Thallium toxicity.
p.20
Oesophageal Obstruction Causes
What is observed in the cervical mucosa compared to the thoracic mucosa?
Cervical mucosa is congested while thoracic mucosa is blanched.
p.27
Rumen and Abomasal Disorders
What are some signs of fluid accumulation due to Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
Brisket edema, pulmonary edema, and ascites.
