The smallest units of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language.
Variations of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word.
Phonemes can change meaning, while allophones are context-dependent variations of phonemes.
No, allophones occur in complementary distribution or free variation.
[klej] and [kl̥ej].
[d ej ɾə], [dæɾə] vs. [mejt], [mæt].
A situation where two phonemes never occur in the same phonetic environment.
[stɑ p ̚] and [stɑ p].
Rules that govern how phonemes are realized in speech, such as assimilation and deletion.
Assimilation.
Segments that are phonologically the same but phonetically distinct.
To find phonemes by creating meaning contrasts.
When allophones of a phoneme appear randomly, not systematically, with no contrast in meaning.
Sounds that can signal meaning contrasts.
Problematic distribution.
They create meaning contrasts.
The sounds [p] and [pʰ] in English, where [p] occurs after 's' and [pʰ] occurs at the beginning of a word.
[k], [u], [l].
They are considered separate phonemes.
It helps in identifying and categorizing phonemes.
By analyzing minimal pairs and contrasting sounds in different contexts.
They illustrate how sounds are produced and perceived in language.
When sounds never appear in the same environment, suggesting they are probably allophones of the same phoneme.
/l/, not /l̥/.
They never overlap in their environments.
After voiceless stops.
[i] and [ɪ] (as in 'reach' vs. 'rich').
Characteristics of sound waves.
Which sounds are used and can co-occur in a language, and the rules that govern sound patterns and phonetic variation.
The sounds [ɛ] in 'Ben' [b ɛ n] and [æ] in 'Ban' [b æ n].
No, it may not work in another language.
By finding consistent patterns of sound change that affect meaning.
1) 'thin' /θɪn/ vs. 'then' /ðɛn/; 2) 'bath' /bæθ/ vs. 'bathe' /beɪð/.
[l] occurs elsewhere.
The environment in which the phoneme occurs.
Knowledge of hierarchically structured phonological units.
The abstract level of sound representation in a language.
It indicates that the phonemes are allophones of the same phoneme.
The physical characteristics of speech sounds.
Record a variety of speech samples from native speakers.
It is devoiced after a voiceless stop, resulting in [pl̥ej].
To ensure an accurate representation of the unique phonetic system of the new language.
After voiceless stops.
Yes, they constitute a minimal pair due to the contrast between /j/ and /ʒ/.
[plej] and [pl̥ej].
How speech sounds are produced.
No, they cannot be substituted for each other without changing meaning.
Systematic, predictable, and phonetically conditioned variation.
sip [sɪp] and zip [zɪp].
No, both [b ɛ n] and [b æ n] mean 'I' in Turkish.
It illustrates that sounds can be contrastive in one language but not in another.
Segments that are in contrast and can distinguish meaning.
There is a contrast in meaning between sounds that appear in the same environment.
1) 'fan' /fæn/ vs. 'van' /væn/; 2) 'fine' /faɪn/ vs. 'vine' /vaɪn/.
It means that changing one sound can change the meaning of a word.
Nucleus + preceding/following segments.
No, these 3 sounds are not separate phonemes.
Aspirated [p h], unreleased [p̚], and unaspirated [p].
The concrete realization of sounds in speech, such as / plej /.
Conduct a phonetic analysis to observe patterns of sound occurrence.
The quality and length of the vowels in various phonetic environments.
When allophones of a phoneme never appear in the same environment.
No, they do not create a contrast in meaning.
When allophones of a phoneme appear randomly.
No, there is no contrast.
By knowing the environment of the phoneme.
How humans perceive speech sounds.
[stɑp].
A final unreleased stop in phonetics.
A breathy release of the stop sound.
Segments that are phonetically and phonologically distinct.
When sounds appear in the same environment and there is a contrast in meaning, indicating they are not allophones.
If they are phonetically similar and never appear in the same environment.
Yes, they constitute a minimal pair due to the contrast between /f/ and /v/.
It indicates that the phoneme has allophones that vary based on the surrounding sounds.
The selection and systematic patterns of speech sounds.
Pairs/groups of words that differ by only one sound in the same environment and create a meaning difference.
The syllable in 'bed' is [b ɛ d].
An individual sound, such as [b], [ɛ], or [d].
A characteristic of a sound, such as [+voice] for [ɛ].
/p/
They provide insights into sound distinctions and usage in natural speech.
The phoneme with a wider distribution.
1) 'tie' /taɪ/ vs. 'die' /daɪ/; 2) 'ten' /tɛn/ vs. 'den' /dɛn/.
No, they do not constitute a minimal pair as the vowel sounds differ, not a single phoneme.
