Chromosomes.
Eukaryotic chromosomes can be seen with a light microscope, while prokaryotic chromosomes require electron microscopy.
Haploid state (n).
A pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Two cell divisions.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Homologues are pairs of chromosomes carrying the same genes, while heterologues are chromosomes from different pairs.
The nucleus.
Cellulose, a complex carbohydrate.
To interact with materials and provide vital information about environmental conditions.
They help in the movement and separation of chromosomes.
A protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, consisting of lateral elements and a central element.
Finn Dorset and Scottish Blackface.
Homologous chromosomes are fully paired.
The haploid daughter cells are separated by plasma membranes.
They are responsible for protein synthesis.
The reproductive tissue of an organism that produces gametes.
Mother cell.
Contact points where paired chromosomes remain in close contact after crossing over during diplonema.
G1, S, G2, M.
Chromosomes that come in pairs and carry the same set of genes.
Paired chromosomes orient toward opposite poles of the spindle.
Dolly did not have a father and was a clone with identical genes to one of her mothers.
Prophase.
23 chromosomes.
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.
Paired chromosomes align on the equatorial plane in the cell.
A population of cells that are genetically identical.
Eukaryotes have chromosomes within a membrane-bounded nucleus; prokaryotes do not.
Every 20 to 30 minutes.
Diploid state (2n).
Water.
It may lead to cancer.
Chromosome duplication, meiotic division I, meiotic division II.
Four pairs.
It is located in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Chromosomes decondense and new nuclei begin to form.
An aster.
It breaks up into many small vesicles.
A condition where cells possess two copies of each chromosome.
It emerged from a century of research on the cellular basis of reproduction, allowing cloning to sidestep traditional reproductive processes.
Leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.
By moving to opposite positions around the nucleus.
Fission.
S phase.
A group of four chromatids formed during meiosis.
Bacteria and archaea.
They capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy.
Chromosomes align on the equatorial plane in each cell.
By fusing an egg from a Blackface ewe with a cell from the udder of a Finn Dorset ewe.
They are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Sex cells that usually possess only one copy of each chromosome (haploid state).
Paired chromosomes align on the equatorial plane.
Mistakes such as chromatids detaching from the spindle or becoming entangled.
Haploid cells have one copy of each chromosome; diploid cells have two copies.
It may persist for more than 40 years.
Prokaryotic cells are usually less than a thousandth of a millimeter long, while eukaryotic cells are at least 10 times bigger.
They associate intimately, allowing for the orderly reduction of chromosome number.
They organize and execute the distribution of duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells.
To surround and protect the cell, allowing selective transport of materials.
Centrosomes.
The equatorial plane where duplicated chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
Protein structures associated with the centromeres of duplicated chromosomes.
Duplicated chromosomes condense out of the diffuse chromatin network.
Homologous chromosomes disjoin and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromosomes condense and can be easily seen, and crossing over may occur.
Cells.
They shorten and thicken, becoming recognizable.
To store chemical energy.
A complex array formed by microtubules that helps move chromosomes.
Catalytic proteins that facilitate chemical reactions.
Crossing over does not occur.
Chromosomes condense and become attached to spindle fibers.
Chromosomes begin to condense and consist of two sister chromatids.
An egg cell from which the genetic material has been removed.
It becomes associated with an apparatus that moves chromosomes.
Eukaryotic chromosomes are typically larger and more complex, and their DNA is linear, while prokaryotic DNA is circular.
The exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during pachynema.
By fission.
Chromosomes are duplicated.
They are 'gaps' between the S and M phases.
Duplicated chromosomes that remain associated at the centromere.
They are dedicated to the recruitment of energy from foodstuffs.
One double-stranded DNA molecule plus an assortment of proteins.
Usually only one, but they may also have plasmids.
Outer membrane, cell wall, plasma membrane, chromosome, ribosomes, pilus, flagellum, capsule.
The kinetochores.
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER does not.
Paired chromosomes condense further and become attached to spindle fibers.
Cells.
The process by which homologous chromosomes come together intimately during zygonema.
The point at which spindle fibers attach to move the chromosome during cell division.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The network of thin strands formed by all chromosomes within the nucleus.
The spindle apparatus disassembles, daughter cells are separated by membranes, and nuclei form around the chromosomes.
It increases genetic variation by exchanging material between homologous chromosomes.
They are dedicated to the metabolism of substances such as fats and amino acids.
Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, nucleolus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, centrioles, microfilaments, cilia.
Homologous chromosomes begin to pair.
An egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell, resulting in a zygote that divides to produce a multicellular organism.
It disappears.
It fragments.
A male and female gamete unite, reestablishing the diploid state.
To reduce the number of chromosomes by half, from diploid to haploid.
Mitosis and cytokinesis.
The slipping away of chiasmata from the centromeres toward the ends of the chromosomes.
It doubles, then is cut in half twice.
Meiosis II produces haploid cells that are not genetically identical, while mitosis produces diploid cells that are genetically identical.
More than 8 million possibilities due to independent assortment of 23 chromosome pairs.
They are involved in the synthesis of proteins.
Chloroplasts and large vacuoles.
The embryo was implanted in the uterus of another Blackface ewe, which acted as the surrogate mother.
Cilia and flagella.
The physical separation of daughter cells after mitosis.
Chromosome movement is completed and new nuclei begin to form.
Eukaryotic cells.
Diakinesis.
Hydrophobic.
Chains of amino acids called polypeptides.
Lysosomes.
Sister chromatids disjoin and move to opposite poles in each cell.
It houses the cell's chromosomes and controls cellular activities.
Homologous chromosomes separate, except at chiasmata.
Chromosomes decondense and a nuclear membrane re-forms around them.
Cytokinesis.
They are genetically identical, having the same set of chromosomes.
Daughter cells.
In plants, tissues can produce a whole plant, including reproductive organs, making the distinction between somatic and germ tissues less clear-cut.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Mitosis and cytokinesis.
Their DNA is not isolated in a special subcellular compartment.
The definitive separation of paired chromosomes during anaphase I.
Glycerol and fatty acids.
DNA and RNA.
It gives form to cells and enables cell motility and trafficking.
