Turbulent flow increases in direct proportion to the velocity of blood flow, the diameter of the blood vessel, and the density of the blood, and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the blood.
Nerve reflexes elicit a series of circulatory changes including increasing heart pumping, contracting large veins to provide more blood to the heart, and generalised constriction of arterioles to accumulate more blood in arteries and increase arterial pressure.
A dilated heart in heart failure must do more work than a non-dilated heart.
90 - 130 mmHg
It is the pressure on the lateral walls of a segment of an artery, such as the brachial artery, exerted by contained blood.
The sum of all the local tissue flows.
Factors include cardiac output, blood volume, resistance of blood vessels, and elasticity of vessel walls.
The tendency for turbulence to occur in blood flow.
Viscosity influences the Reynolds number, which can alter the probability of turbulence in blood flow.
The rate of blood flow to each tissue, the control of cardiac output by the sum of local tissue flows, and the independent control of arterial pressure by local blood flow and cardiac output.
It facilitates blood flow to tissues, ensuring tissue perfusion.
A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure.
The pressure of blood in the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Turbulent flow occurs when the rate of blood becomes too great, when it passes by an obstruction in a vessel, when it makes a sharp turn, or when it passes over a rough surface.
Hemodynamics studies the movement of blood and the forces involved in circulation.
The pressure exerted by the contained blood is balanced by the air pressure in the cuff.
Factors affecting arterial blood pressure include cardiac output, blood volume, resistance in blood vessels, and elasticity of the arterial walls.
The Reynolds number helps predict the probability of turbulence in blood flow.
It is crucial for the ejection of blood, which is referred to as stroke volume.
The pressure exerted by blood within the capillaries, influencing the exchange of fluids and solutes between blood and tissues.
Anaemia typically decreases blood viscosity, which can reduce resistance to flow.
Cardiac output influences blood pressure by determining the amount of blood the heart pumps into the arteries; higher cardiac output increases blood pressure.
Total Peripheral Resistance = PRU * Total Peripheral Resistance.
P1 represents the pressure at the origin of the vessel.
Arteriolar constriction causes an increase in Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR), which decreases blood flow.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, primarily arteries.
The pressure of blood in the systemic arteries, which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma proteins.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Higher velocity increases the probability of turbulence in blood flow.
It aids in filtration, leading to tissue fluid formation.
The pressure of blood in the systemic veins, which return deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
In laminar flow, fluid particles move in parallel layers.
Left atrial pressure
The tunica media is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the blood vessel, regulating blood pressure and flow.
Laminar Flow
Electromagnetic flowmeter and Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter.
By inserting devices in series with a blood vessel or applying them to the outside of the vessel.
Turbulent flow produces sounds called Korotkoff’s sounds.
It works by inflating a cuff around the arm to restrict blood flow and then gradually releasing the pressure while listening for the sounds of blood flow.
Slightly greater than 1.
Blood flow is influenced by factors such as blood pressure, blood vessel diameter, and the viscosity of the blood.
Turbulent Flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular movement of blood, including crosswise flow and the formation of eddy currents.
Central venous pressure reflects the pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta by the heart each minute.
Blood volume plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation; an increase in blood volume raises blood pressure, while a decrease lowers it.
Pressure at the pulmonary capillaries is far less than in the aorta and pulmonary artery.
The three main layers are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
Eddy currents increase blood flow resistance significantly compared to streamline flow due to the added friction in the vessel.
Maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of the heart, specifically during ventricular ejection. Normal value is 120 mmHg.
Blood pressure is defined as the lateral pressure exerted by flowing blood on the walls of the arteries.
It pumps the blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Systemic arterial blood pressure is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels in the systemic circulation.
Right atrial pressure
Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular fluid motion, while laminar flow is smooth and orderly.
Factors include age, weight, physical activity, stress levels, and time of day.
Turbulent flow is more likely to occur at high velocities and in larger diameter vessels.
Laminar flow is generally associated with lower resistance and energy loss.
The tunica externa consists of connective tissue that provides structural support and elasticity to the blood vessel.
Laminar flow is characterized as normal flow and is often silent.
Diastolic BP (DBP) is the minimum pressure in the arteries during diastole of the heart, occurring just before the onset of ventricular ejection. Normal DBP is 80 mmHg.
Blood flow increases 20-30 times more than at resting level, but the heart does not increase its cardiac output.
Microvessels monitor tissue needs (O2/CO2/nutrients) and act directly on local blood vessels by dilating or constricting them.
The portion of fluids adjacent to the vessel walls has hardly moved, the portion slightly away from the wall has moved a small distance, and the portion in the center of the vessel has moved a long distance.
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through the circulatory system, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
The heart pumps blood into the aorta.
Total Peripheral Resistance, expressed as Peripheral Resistance Unit.
Laminar flow is a type of fluid flow where the fluid moves in smooth, parallel layers with minimal disruption between them.
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
Mean arterial BP = DBP + 1/3 (PP)
Laminar flow is typically associated with a low Reynolds number.
When the Reynolds number exceeds a certain threshold, flow transitions from laminar to turbulent.
The principle of blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Arterial blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which detects the pressure in the arteries during heartbeats.
Pressure differences between the two ends of the vessels (pressure gradient) and impediment to blood flow through the vessels (vascular resistance).
It is responsible for blood flow back to the heart, known as venous return.
The heart acts as an automaton responding to the demand of the tissues.
EDDY CURRENTS refer to the crosswise flow of blood in a vessel, often forming whorls.
The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
'Re' stands for Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless quantity used to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations.
Polycythemia is an increase in red blood cells, leading to higher blood viscosity and increased resistance to flow.
Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular fluid motion, with eddies and vortices, leading to increased resistance and mixing.
Blood flow can be measured using techniques such as Doppler ultrasound, electromagnetic flowmetry, and thermal dilution.
The first Korotkoff sound is a clear tapping sound that marks the systolic blood pressure.
Arterial elasticity impacts blood pressure by allowing arteries to expand and contract with each heartbeat; decreased elasticity can lead to increased blood pressure.
Act as control conduits to capillaries, with strong muscular walls capable of altering blood flow in each tissue bed.
Laminar flow is characterized by concentric layers, known as laminas.
Laminar Flow
Laminar flow is when blood flows at a steady rate in a streamlined manner through long, smooth blood vessels.
Turbulent flow is characterized by blood flowing in all directions within the vessel and continually mixing.
Higher viscosity increases resistance to blood flow.
The two main readings are systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
The overall blood flow in the total circulation of an adult at rest is approximately 5000 ml/min.
Laminar flow is smooth and orderly, while turbulent flow is chaotic and can occur at high velocities or in narrowed vessels.
Systemic arterial blood pressure is important because it ensures adequate blood flow to organs and tissues, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.
Korotkoff sounds are the sounds heard through a stethoscope during the measurement of blood pressure, indicating the phases of blood flow as pressure is released from a cuff.
Normally approximately 1/30 poise.
The tunica intima provides a smooth lining for the blood vessel and reduces friction as blood flows through.
In laminar flow, the center fluids flow progressively more rapidly than the outer layers.
Arteries have a thicker tunica media and a narrower lumen compared to veins, which have a thinner tunica media and a wider lumen.
Blood flow is expressed in millimeters per minute (mm/min) or liters per minute (L/min).
The two main measurements are systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Factors that can affect systemic arterial blood pressure include cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance, and elasticity of the arterial walls.
By measurements of blood flow and pressure difference in the vessel.
The pressure of blood in the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
PCV stands for Packed Cell Volume, and a higher PCV indicates higher viscosity, which increases resistance.
Typically around 120/80 mmHg.
The fifth Korotkoff sound is the disappearance of sound, indicating the diastolic blood pressure.
The tunica intima provides a smooth lining for the blood vessel and reduces friction as blood flows through.
Transport blood back to the heart, with thin walls and low pressure, but muscular enough to contract or expand.
The primary factors that affect blood pressure include cardiac output, blood volume, resistance of blood vessels, and elasticity of the arterial walls.
The diameter of the vessel in centimeters.
PP = SBP - DBP
The mean velocity of blood flow in cm/second.
Obstruction can increase the likelihood of turbulence by disrupting the smooth flow of blood.
The three main layers are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
A normal blood pressure reading is typically around 120/80 mmHg.
Ventricular pressures refer to the pressures within the ventricles during the cardiac cycle.
Transport blood under high pressure to tissues with strong vascular walls and high velocity flow.
Exchange fluids, hormones, nutrients, etc., with very thin walls and numerous minute capillary pores.
60 – 90 mmHg
Systolic pressure is 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg.
A sphygmomanometer is commonly used to measure blood pressure.
Systolic pressure is 25 mmHg and diastolic pressure is 8 mmHg.
As a fraction, with systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80 mmHg).
Pulmonary capillary pressure is important for gas exchange in the lungs.
P2 represents the pressure at the other end of the vessel.
Collect blood from capillaries, which gradually coalesce into larger veins.
The resistance of blood vessels affects blood pressure by determining how easily blood flows through the circulatory system; higher resistance leads to higher blood pressure.
The second Korotkoff sound is a softer, longer sound that occurs as blood flow becomes more turbulent, indicating the transition from systolic to diastolic pressure.
Resistance occurs as a result of friction between the flowing blood and the intravascular endothelium.
The tunica media is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the blood vessel, regulating blood pressure and flow.
The fluid molecules touching the wall barely move due to adherence to the vessel wall, causing the next layer of molecules to slip over them.
Flow through a vessel can be calculated using Ohm's Law.
Arteries have a thicker tunica media and a narrower lumen compared to veins, which have a thinner tunica media and a wider lumen.
The tunica externa consists of connective tissue that provides structural support and elasticity to the blood vessel.
