What is the number of notifications for cholera?

38

What is the result of having too much water in the blood?

You will produce very dilute urine.

What role do normal microbiota play in human health?

They prevent the growth of pathogens.

What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

Juvenile diabetes (Type 1).

What are tissues made up of?

Cells with a common function.

What are viruses composed of?

DNA (or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).

What is a unique characteristic of viruses regarding size?

Viruses are extremely small and can infect bacteria.

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Covering and lining, interacting with the body’s environment.

What is cellular injury?

When a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis.

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

It gets turned into glycogen in the liver.

What type of cells typically undergo apoptosis?

Worn out cells and diseased cells.

What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

To make proteins.

How does 'dirty' blood enter the kidneys?

Through the renal artery.

What is the primary focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

What is melanin?

A molecule without membranes found in cells.

What is another function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Detoxification.

What do waste products and water form in the kidneys?

Urine.

What is apoptosis?

Regulated cell death, often referred to as 'fallen apart'.

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

To package proteins for export.

What happens to blood vessels around a wound during inflammation?

They swell and release white blood cells (phagocytes).

What type of infection is cellulitis?

A non-suppurative invasive infection of tissues.

What role does nervous tissue play in the body?

It receives information, processes it, and acts on it through muscles and glands.

What is the function of membranes in organelles?

They provide compartments for the separation of chemical reactions.

What does dilute urine indicate?

That there is too much water in the blood.

What are some symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Malaise, weakness, fatigue, CHF, anorexia, nausea, vomiting.

What are the main topics covered in the Essential Pathophysiology for OT course?

Cells, Tissues, Homeostasis, Infection/Immunity.

How many major tissue types are there?

Four major tissue types.

What is urea a byproduct of?

The breakdown of proteins by the liver.

What is an allergy?

An overreaction of the immune system.

What happens in autoimmune disorders?

The immune system mistakenly attacks its own body cells.

What is the management approach for cellulitis?

Broad spectrum antibiotics.

What do mast cells release during an allergic reaction?

Histamines.

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

What symptoms are produced by histamines during an allergic reaction?

Sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes.

Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle.

What is an infection?

A harmful invasion and spread of foreign species, or pathogen, in a host.

What happens when the skin is broken?

It opens the body to infection.

What are pathogens?

Microorganisms that cause disease.

What does DNA code for?

Proteins.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment for optimal cell function.

What type of molecules are lipids classified as?

Molecules without membranes.

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

To provide structure, support, and protection.

What is one cause of cell injury related to substance availability?

Deficiency, which is the lack of a substance necessary to the cell.

What is an abscess?

A localized collection of suppurative infection causing swelling and inflammation.

What can trigger autoimmune disorders?

An infection.

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

What does GFR provide a rough measure of?

The number of functioning nephrons.

How can pathogens be transmitted through the environment?

Through the air.

What is the first step in the infection process of a virus?

Adsorption to host cell receptor.

What is an example of an antibiotic?

Penicillin.

What type of immunity involves antibodies in the blood?

Humoral Immunity.

What is necrosis?

Messy cell death that can result in conditions like gangrene.

What is gangrene?

A condition where a large mass of tissue undergoes necrosis.

What factors do body cells need to maintain for optimal function?

Correct temperature, water levels, and glucose concentration.

What role do fevers play in the immune response?

Fevers are part of the inflammatory response.

What is cytosol?

An aqueous gel-like medium found in the cytoplasm.

What type of tissue includes glandular tissue?

Epithelial tissue.

What does non-specific immune response refer to?

The body's immediate and general defense mechanisms against pathogens.

What is the primary function of muscle?

Important to movement.

What are the two hormones that regulate glucose levels?

Insulin and Glucagon.

Which imaging techniques are used to detect internal abnormalities caused by infectious agents?

X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans, or MRI.

What triggers the immune response?

An antigen.

What is ischemia?

Inadequate blood supply to a cell or tissue.

Give an example of an opportunistic pathogen.

E. coli causing a urinary tract infection (UTI).

How do some antibiotics work?

They can destroy the cell walls of bacteria, causing them to die.

What can ischemia cause?

Hypoxia.

What is excreted via the ureter?

Urine.

What are the most common causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension.

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

They act as the cell's power plant.

What is a temporary catheter used for?

To provide short-term access to the bloodstream.

What element does urea contain?

Nitrogen.

Who prepared the course material for OCC 2005?

Michael Kuo.

How do the proteins in the cell membrane contribute to metabolic processes?

They function as channels, pumps, and enzymes.

What is one method of pathogen transmission?

Direct contact.

How can an abscess present?

As superficial or deep.

What are endotoxins?

Complex molecules made of lipid and polysaccharides found in the cell wall, usually released when the cell is killed.

What is the primary function of antibiotics?

To kill bacteria without harming animal cells.

What happens to T-cells when infected with HIV?

They are destroyed.

What is piloerection?

The contraction of hair muscles causing hair to stand up, which helps retain heat.

What is a host in the context of pathogens?

Any organism that supports the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another organism.

What is NOT a cause of hypertrophy?

Increased cell volume or fluid.

What occurs in the cells during acute kidney disease?

Tubular cell death and regeneration.

What is an example of an antiviral medication?

Tamiflu.

What is essential for managing diabetes in patients?

Diabetic control.

What is the focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

What are filaments in the context of cell structure?

Protein strands that are part of the cytoskeleton.

What is the focus of the course OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

Why do cells need glucose in the blood?

Cells require an exact level of glucose for proper function.

What are common clinical features of cellulitis?

Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnoea.

What are the primary methods used for diagnosis in pathophysiology?

Medical history and physical examination.

What does Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measure?

The volume of water filtered from the plasma per unit of time.

What are exotoxins?

Proteins released from a bacterial cell that lead to cell death or dysfunction.

What is another example of an autoimmune disease?

Multiple sclerosis (MS).

Which cells does HIV infect?

Helper T-cells of the immune system.

What are the three types of specific defense in immunity?

Humoral Immunity, Cell Mediated Immunity, and Permanent Immunity.

How do exotoxins contribute to disease?

By causing cell death or dysfunction.

What must diabetics be careful about in addition to insulin injections?

Their diet.

How are bacteria structurally described?

Structurally simple but metabolically complex.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To clean the blood of waste products and control water retention.

What is the focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

What is the primary focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

How is the control of water levels linked to waste excretion?

It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.

What is active immunity?

A type of immunity that develops as a result of exposure to a disease or vaccination.

What are organelles?

Membrane-bound structures within a cell.

What is the most important deficiency discussed?

Deficiency in oxygen.

What does intoxication or poisoning refer to in the context of cell injury?

The presence of a toxin or substance that interferes with cell functioning.

What does hypoxia refer to?

Deficiency in oxygen at the cell level.

What does MRSA stand for?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Microorganisms that can cause disease if the host is immunocompromised or if they enter the body in an abnormal location.

What happens if body defense fails?

Antibiotics and antivirals are used.

What is vasodilation?

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and release heat.

What is the condition called when the body cannot properly manage glucose levels due to insufficient insulin?

Diabetes.

What are organic materials on the surface of pathogens that the body does not recognize called?

Antigens.

What do diabetics sometimes need to do to manage their condition?

Inject insulin into their blood.

What do bacteria lack that distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells?

A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What distinguishes the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum from the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

The presence of ribosomes.

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER) synthesize?

Phospholipids.

What is the primary composition of the cell membrane?

Lipid molecules in a bilayer.

How do infections relate to immunity?

Infections trigger immune responses to protect the body.

What additional components are found in the cell membrane?

Embedded proteins.

What are the main components of nervous tissue?

Neurons and supporting (glial) cells.

What is one of the key functions of the proteins in the cell membrane?

Cell-cell communication through receptors for hormones and cell recognition.

What does concentrated urine indicate?

That there is too little water in the blood.

What are some causes of hypoxia?

Decreased oxygen in air, low hemoglobin, reduced oxygen transport to cells, or diseases of the respiratory and/or cardiovascular system.

What is another way pathogens can be transmitted besides direct contact?

Indirect contacts.

Why is understanding oxygen deficiency important?

It is crucial for understanding cellular function and the impact of various diseases.

What is the normal GFR for men?

130 mL/min/1.73m².

What is meant by 'Patient Zero'?

The first case identified in an outbreak.

What role do objects play in pathogen transmission?

They can serve as surfaces for indirect contact.

What happens to urine output in acute kidney disease?

There is a rapid reduction in urine output.

What are vectors in the context of pathogen transmission?

Organisms that transmit pathogens from one host to another.

What must happen to the virus coat during infection?

Coat removal.

What is a direct route of transmission for herpes type 1?

Skin-to-skin contact.

What type of immunity involves T-cells and the direct attack on infected cells?

Cell Mediated Immunity.

What is a tertiary case?

A case that is infected by a secondary case.

What characterizes chronic kidney disease?

It is progressive and not reversible.

What is the definition of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

A GFR of less than 60 for 3 months or more.

What is the primary focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

What is the second line of defense in the immune response?

Inflammation.

What is the significance of homeostasis in pathophysiology?

Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining stable internal conditions in the body.

What are the two main types of immune responses?

Non-specific and specific immune responses.

Which bacteria are primarily responsible for cellulitis?

Beta hemolytic streptococci.

What are prions?

Infectious proteins.

What is the purpose of a graft in dialysis?

To create a vascular access point for dialysis when veins are not suitable.

What triggers an allergic reaction?

Antigens from allergens like pollen and pet dander attaching to mast cells.

What is the role of the immune response in disease?

To fight against pathogens and protect the body from disease.

What techniques are used to identify infectious agents?

Culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient.

What virus causes AIDS?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

What is the purpose of imaging techniques in diagnosing infections?

To produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent.

Which type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs?

Smooth muscle.

Can a person be infected with HIV without knowing it?

Yes, a person can be infected for years without knowing.

What role do digestive secretions play in immunity?

Acid and enzymes can destroy pathogens.

What defines an infection?

The presence and multiplication of a parasitic organism in the host.

What is the primary focus of OCC 2005?

Essential Pathophysiology for Occupational Therapy.

What organ is responsible for controlling water levels in the body?

The kidneys.

What role do mechanisms in the body play regarding homeostasis?

They help keep the cells in a constant environment.

Can viruses reproduce on their own?

No, they need to use a host cell.

What is an AV fistula?

A surgical connection between an artery and a vein, typically used for dialysis.

What happens when there is too little water in the blood?

You will produce very concentrated urine.

Which organ regulates glucose levels in the blood?

The pancreas.

Why are prions difficult to destroy?

They are extremely resistant to destruction.

What is a primary issue in diabetes related to insulin?

Some people do not produce enough insulin.

What physiological process helps cool the body?

Sweating.

What mechanisms does the body use to maintain a constant environment for cells?

Homeostasis mechanisms.

What is the most important first line of defense in immunity?

Skin.

What is vasoconstriction?

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and conserve heat.

What are examples of viruses that can cause infection?

Small pox, measles, influenza, Ebola.

How does mucus contribute to non-specific defenses?

It traps bacteria in the nose and mouth.

What is a primary case in the context of infection?

The case that brings the infection into a population.

Name some bacterial infections.

Tuberculosis, pneumonia, salmonella, anthrax.

What impact does ethanol have on the body?

It affects the central nervous system.

How many cases of meningococcal infections were reported?

10

What does the acronym PSSST stand for in disease transmission?

Susceptible, Immune, Sub-clinical, Clinical.

How do prions affect other proteins?

They cause other proteins to take on their improperly folded shape.

What are the two main themes covered in OCC 2005?

Infection and Immunity.

What is the average body temperature for human beings?

About 37 ºC.

What type of injury is caused by physical damage to a cell?

Trauma, which results in loss of the cell's structural integrity.

What diseases are associated with prions?

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

What happens to glucose levels in the blood of people with diabetes after eating?

The glucose levels cannot be reduced.

What is the onset type of acute kidney disease?

Sudden onset.

What does H____ represent in cellular adaptation?

Hypertrophy, which is the increase in cell size.

What type of organisms are bacteria classified as?

Prokaryotes.

What occurs after a virus adsorbs to a host cell?

Penetration into the host cell.

What disease is associated with prions?

Cow’s disease.

Is acute kidney disease usually reversible?

Yes, it is usually reversible.

What defines a secondary case?

A case that is infected by a primary case.

What genetic material do bacteria contain?

Both DNA and RNA.

What is a significant concern regarding antibiotics?

Resistance to antibiotics.

What does A____ represent in cellular adaptation?

Atrophy, which is the shrinkage or decrease in cell size.

Can all interactions between bacteria and humans be harmful?

No, not all interactions are harmful; some are beneficial.

What are some causes of atrophy?

Decreased use, decreased blood supply, and decreased nutrition.

What is the relationship between pathogens and the immune system?

Pathogens and processes of infections relate to immunity.

What effects can endotoxins have on the body?

They can cause clotting, bleeding, inflammation, hypotension, and fever.

What is the normal GFR for women?

120 mL/min/1.73m².

Which type of muscle is responsible for the heartbeat?

Cardiac muscle.

How is GFR estimated?

Using creatinine and creatinine clearance.

What are non-specific defenses in the immune system?

They are the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

Which infection can be transmitted across the placenta?

Toxoplasmosis.

What is neoplasia associated with?

Malignant tumors.

What are the management options for an abscess?

Antibiotics and drainage under guidance (U/S, MRI, CT).

How does lead intoxication affect the body?

It injures the nervous system.

What is a key management strategy for controlling blood pressure in patients?

Blood pressure control.

What lifestyle change is recommended for patients to improve health outcomes?

Smoking cessation.

What is an example of a droplet transmission?

Influenza (sneeze-cough).

What is dysplasia?

Change in cell resulting in abnormal size, shape, or organization.

What is the purpose of dialysis in patients with kidney issues?

To diffuse harmful waste out of the body.

What is an example of air-borne transmission?

Chickenpox.

In which organs is hypertrophy commonly observed?

Heart and kidney, among others, in the presence of pathology.

What is the function of antivirals?

To prevent viruses from invading cells and multiplying.

What is the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) on the body?

It deprives the body of oxygen.

What are common fungal infections?

Athlete’s foot, ringworm.

What is the result of hypertrophy in terms of cellular composition?

Increased protein in organelles.

What is the final step in the viral infection process?

The virus is released from the host cell.

What dietary restriction is suggested for patients with chronic renal failure?

Dietary protein restriction.

When is full-blown AIDS declared?

When the T-cell count is low enough.

What does hyperplasia refer to?

Increase in cell number due to increased cell division.

What is a significant consequence of chronic kidney disease?

Nephron loss.

What does metaplasia involve?

Replacement of one cell type with another; it is reversible.

What is important to maintain in the body for patients with kidney issues?

Safe levels of chemicals.

How many cases of measles were reported?

182

What is the number of notifications for yellow fever?

0

How does a virus replicate its nucleic acid and proteins?

By using host enzymes.

What happens after the virus replicates inside the host?

New viruses are assembled.

What is the structure of bacterial DNA?

Single circular chromosome.

What are examples of protist infections?

Malaria, toxoplasmosis, algae.

Which virus is transmitted through water?

Hepatitis A.

How many cases of acute poliomyelitis were reported?

0

What leads to hypertrophy at the cellular level?

Increased protein synthesis within the cell or decreased protein breakdown.

What does treatment for infections depend on?

The specific microorganism causing the infection.

In which condition is hyperplasia commonly observed?

Parathyroid gland in kidney failure.

How can HIV be transmitted?

Through breast milk.

What are plasmids in bacteria?

Extrachromosomal DNA that provides information, such as antibiotic resistance, that can be shared with other bacteria.

How many cases of bacillary dysentery were reported?

389

What is the number of notifications for food poisoning outbreaks?

672

Where can dysplasia be observed?

In the respiratory tract and cervix with pathology.

Is dysplasia considered a reversible change?

Yes, it is considered a reversible change.

Which parasite is carried by mosquitoes?

Malaria parasite.

What is Permanent Immunity?

A long-lasting immune response that provides protection against specific pathogens.

What are the three types of microorganisms mentioned?

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

What is the total number of notifications for tuberculosis?

7,262

How can infection spread?

Infection in one person can be transmitted to others.

What are some systemic effects of cell injury?

Fever, pain, and increased heart rate.

Give an example of metaplasia.

Ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.

What is a vector in the context of infectious diseases?

A carrier of an infectious agent.

What does trauma refer to in the context of cell injury?

Physical disruption of cells, such as abrasion, cutting, burns, or microorganisms.

How much kidney function can be lost in chronic kidney disease before it becomes noticeable?

75% of function can be lost before it is noticeable.

What type of transmission is associated with Salmonella?

Food-borne transmission.

How many cases of viral hepatitis A were reported?

482

What is the total number of notifications for all diseases listed?

26,212

What percentage of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) eventually require dialysis?

½ of patients.

Who is the author of 'Essential Pathophysiology for OT: Cell, Homeostasis, and Disease'?

A) John Smith

B) Michael KUO

C) Sarah Johnson

D) David Lee

E) Emily Wang