p.1
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What types of movement occur at the distal end of the humerus?
Flexion-extension and pronation-supination.
p.6
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Where is the flexor retinaculum located?
More distal, attached to carpal bones.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What type of joints are the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?
Synovial joints of the condyloid type.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the axis of rotation for the radius?
Through the middle of the radial head proximally and at the apex of the triangular ligament attaching to the ulnar styloid distally.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What ligaments support the elbow joint laterally and medially?
Radial collateral ligament (laterally) and ulnar collateral ligament (medially).
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What are the two necks of the humerus called?
The anatomical neck (epiphysis) and the surgical neck (just distal to tubercles).
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What are the two ligaments that flank the articular disc in the TFCC?
The palmar (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) radioulnar ligaments.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What movements are permitted at the wrist?
Flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation), and circumduction.
p.6
Anatomical Arm Structure
Why is the diversion of the vertical line usually greater in females?
Because of a wider pelvis.
p.1
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Why are fascial linings clinically important?
They contain/direct the spread of infection or hemorrhage.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Why are initial x-rays often negative for scaphoid fractures?
Because the fracture may not be visible initially; follow-up x-rays are needed to look for callous formation.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What type of joints are the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints?
Planar synovial joints, except the 1st CMC joint, which is a saddle joint.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is 'trigger finger' and what causes it?
Trigger finger is caused by the thickening of fibrous sheaths around the digits, preventing the flexed finger from extending actively.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?
A pivot-type synovial joint.
p.1
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What are the medial and lateral intermuscular septa?
Extensions of the deep surface of the brachial fascia that travel deeply to the shaft of the humerus and the supracondylar ridges.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Where do patients typically feel pain when they have a scaphoid fracture?
At the snuff box site, especially during palpation.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
How many phalanges does each digit have?
Each digit except the first has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal. The first digit has only two phalanges: proximal and distal.
p.6
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the antebrachium?
The region of the upper extremity between the elbow and wrist.
p.1
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What is compartment syndrome?
Pain due to compression and, if severe, ischemia caused by excessive swelling or hemorrhage.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What are two major concerns with scaphoid fractures?
Non-union and avascular necrosis due to poor blood supply to the scaphoid.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is pronation?
Medial rotation around a longitudinal axis, resulting in the palm being turned posteriorly or inferiorly when the forearm is flexed.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is a common cause of a scaphoid fracture?
Traumatic falls or injury.
p.11
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
How are the metacarpals numbered?
From 1 (lateral; to the thumb) to 5 (medial; to the pinky).
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
A synovial pivot-type joint.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is a Colles fracture?
A fracture within the distal 2 cm of the radius, often resulting in a comminuted pattern with the radial styloid avulsed.
p.9
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment muscles of the forearm?
The radial nerve and its branches.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Where does the radial nerve emerge in the cubital fossa?
Deep to the brachioradialis muscle.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve emerges from the 2nd intercostal space and travels to the medial, proximal arm?
The intercostobrachial nerve (T2).
p.1
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What is the brachial fascia continuous with proximally and distally?
Proximally with pectoral and axillary fascia, and distally with antebrachial fascia.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Why can't the 3rd digit move to the midline?
Because it is the midline.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which muscles abduct the 1st and 5th digits?
Abductor pollicis longus/brevis and abductor digiti minimi.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
How can the lumbricals flex the MP joints while extending the IP joints?
The lumbrical crosses the MP joint anteriorly and places tension on the sheath distally.
p.9
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Which muscles are included in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris.
p.9
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What is the typical manifestation of a median nerve injury at the elbow or proximal?
The 'hand of benediction' when attempting to make a fist.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which muscles and skin area does the axillary nerve reach through the quadrangular space?
The deltoid and teres minor muscles, and the skin over the lateral, proximal arm.
p.15
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which digits have continuous sheaths in the hand?
The midpalm and 5th digit.
p.1
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What are the two compartments of the arm?
Anterior and posterior compartments.
p.6
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the palmar carpal ligament?
A continuous fascial thickening continuous with the extensor retinaculum.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the role of annular and cruciform ligaments in the digits?
To keep the flexor tendons centered on the bones as they course through the digit.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is a common surgical treatment for trigger finger?
A pulley release, similar to a carpal tunnel release.
p.9
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve primarily innervates the anterior forearm muscles?
The median nerve, with exceptions for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus.
p.9
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Which muscles are included in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Extensor indicis, supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis.
p.5
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What are the recurrent arteries associated with the elbow joint?
One radial and two ulnar recurrent arteries.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What are the targets of the medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous nerves?
The medial brachial cutaneous nerve innervates the skin, and the antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels to more distal, medial skin targets.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Where is the base of the articular disc in the TFCC attached?
To the medial edge of the ulnar notch of the radius.
p.10
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?
The tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles anteriorly, and the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle posteriorly.
p.2
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What is the clinical significance of the biceps myotatic reflex?
It is a deep tendon reflex (DTR) for C5/C6 spinal cord levels.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What are the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Paresthesias, hypoesthesia, anesthesia, and sometimes atrophy of the thenar muscles.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the ulnar collateral ligament?
It stabilizes the joint and prevents hyperabduction.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What do the fibrous tendon sheaths of the digits encase?
The bones and tendons of each finger.
p.6
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the flexor and extensor retinacula in the forearm?
To retain the tendons of the long flexors and extensors of the wrist and hand.
p.14
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the function of the extensor expansions?
To extend the IP and MP joints when the extensor digitorum muscle contracts.
p.9
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Which muscles are included in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus.
p.9
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Which muscles are included in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Muscles attaching at the common extensor tendon at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, except brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus.
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What type of bone is the humerus?
The humerus is a typical long bone.
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What structures are found on the shaft of the humerus?
The deltoid tuberosity laterally and the radial groove posteriorly.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which tendons are arranged in two layers of four within the carpal tunnel?
Superficially, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, and deep, the flexor digitorum profundus tendons.
p.10
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What is the course of the radial artery in the forearm?
The radial artery stays under cover of the brachioradialis muscle on the lateral aspect of the forearm, gives off the radial recurrent artery proximally, and is commonly palpated near the wrist.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Which bones articulate in the radiocarpal joint?
The distal end of the radius and the articular disc articulate with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.
p.3
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What are the functions of the anconeus muscle?
It assists the triceps in extending the forearm, stabilizes the elbow joint, and abducts the ulna in pronation.
p.3
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment muscles of the arm?
A nerve derived from the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the function of the fibrous septa in the palm?
To compartmentalize the palm.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What does the superficial palmar arterial arch give off?
The 3 common digital arteries.
p.6
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Why can the distal humerus be considered functionally part of the forearm?
Because many of the muscles in the forearm attach at the epicondyles and supraepicondylar ridges.
p.9
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What is the deepest branch of the median nerve in the forearm?
The anterior interosseous nerve.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What type of joint is the elbow?
A hinge type synovial joint.
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What does the head of the humerus articulate with?
The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
p.10
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
Where does the brachial artery end and what are its terminal branches?
The brachial artery ends in the cubital fossa and its terminal branches are the radial and ulnar arteries.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the significance of the 'Tommy John' surgery?
It is the reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament, common in pitchers.
p.10
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What is the course of the ulnar artery in the forearm?
The ulnar artery gives off two recurrent branches to the elbow, courses distally on the medial aspect of the forearm lateral to the ulnar nerve, and continues in the hand as the superficial palmar arch.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What surgical procedure can alleviate pressure in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Releasing the flexor retinaculum.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the radial collateral ligament?
It prevents hyperadduction.
p.15
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of the sheaths of the flexor tendons, causing pain and disrupting movement.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
Which arteries enter the hand?
Both the radial and ulnar arteries.
What is the median cubital vein and its clinical significance?
It is a superficial communication between the cephalic and basilic veins, crossing the cubital fossa and is easily accessible for venipuncture.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the palmaris brevis muscle and where is it located?
It is a subcutaneous muscle overlying the hypothenar eminence.
p.13
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What is unique about the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?
It receives ulnar nerve innervation.
p.1
Anatomical Arm Structure
What is the anatomical arm?
The region between the shoulder and elbow.
p.6
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
How is the forearm compartmentalized?
Into anterior and posterior compartments by the antebrachial fascia, interosseous membrane, radius, and ulna.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What are the two bones of the forearm?
The radius (lateral) and the ulna (medial).
p.9
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Which muscle is in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis.
p.9
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What are the symptoms of ulnar nerve injury near the medial epicondyle?
Paresthesia in the medial side of the hand, 5th digit, and medial half of the 4th digit; if motor component is impaired, intrinsic muscles of the hand atrophy and 'claw hand' occurs.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve characteristically pierces the coracobrachialis muscle?
The musculocutaneous nerve.
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle on the humerus?
The intertubercular sulcus (groove) separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Where is the apex of the articular disc in the TFCC attached?
To the lateral aspect of the ulnar styloid process.
What are the borders of the cubital fossa?
Superior: an imaginary line through the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus; Medially: the mass of flexor muscles of the forearm, specifically pronator teres muscle; Laterally: the mass of extensor muscles of the forearm, specifically the brachioradialis muscle; Roof: brachial/antebrachial fascia and the bicipital aponeurosis (plus subcutaneous layer and skin); Floor: brachialis muscle and supinator muscle.
p.10
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
Where is the radial artery commonly palpated to assess a pulse?
In the distal forearm lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Where do the ulnar nerve and artery course in relation to the flexor retinaculum?
Superficial to the most medial aspect of the flexor retinaculum.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
A condyloid synovial joint.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments?
They are arranged such that the hand follows the forearm during supination.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What do the projections from the base of the palmar aponeurosis blend with?
The fibrous tendon sheaths of the medial four digits.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What is the pathway of the cephalic vein?
It ascends laterally and joins the terminal part of the axillary vein after piercing the clavipectoral fascia in the deltopectoral groove.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Where are the interossei muscles located?
In the interosseous compartment, positioned dorsally within the plane of the metacarpal bones.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
How many interossei muscles are there and where are they located?
There are 3 palmar and 4 dorsal interossei muscles, located within the plane of the metacarpal bones.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the anular ligament?
It allows the head of the radius to rotate by attaching to the ulna anterior and posterior to the radial notch.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is Nursemaid’s elbow?
Subluxation of the radial head from the anular ligament, usually caused by a superior force on a child's arm in pronation.
p.5
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What are the terminal branches of the brachial artery?
Radial and ulnar arteries.
p.10
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What is the most distal motor branch of the radial nerve?
The posterior interosseous nerve.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the purpose of the radial and ulnar tuberosities?
For attachment of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, respectively.
p.2
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What is the primary function of the biceps brachii muscle?
The biceps brachii is a simple flexor but powerfully supinates the forearm when the elbow is flexed.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What are the carpal bones in the proximal row from lateral to medial?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
p.10
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What is the common interosseous artery and what does it supply?
The common interosseous artery is a branch off the ulnar artery, giving branches that travel immediately anterior and posterior to the interosseous membrane, supplying the deepest anterior and all posterior muscles of the forearm.
p.3
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
Where does the anconeus muscle attach proximally and distally?
Proximally at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and distally at the lateral surface of the olecranon and posterior ulna.
p.3
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment muscles of the arm?
A nerve derived from the anterior divisions of the brachial plexus.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What arteries does the brachial artery bifurcate into?
The radial artery (laterally) and the ulnar artery (medially).
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What are the 'brachial veins' and their origin?
They are a pair of veins accompanying the brachial artery, beginning at the elbow by the union of the ulnar and radial veins.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
Which nerves supply the hand cutaneously?
The ulnar, median, and superficial radial nerves.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is supination?
Lateral rotation of the forearm around a longitudinal axis, resulting in the palm being turned anteriorly or superiorly when the forearm is flexed.
p.7
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
How is Nursemaid’s elbow typically treated?
With the elbow in flexion, the clinician forcefully supinates the forearm, and the radial head returns to its position.
p.5
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
Where does the brachial artery lie in relation to the biceps tendon and median nerve?
Between the biceps tendon and the median nerve.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the function of the radial collateral ligament?
It travels from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to fuse with the anular ligament of the radius.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which structures create the carpal tunnel proximally?
Triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid, and flexor retinaculum.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What supports the joint outside of the capsule in the TFCC?
Anterior and posterior ligaments spanning from radius to ulna.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What are the carpal bones in the distal row from lateral to medial?
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Inflammation and swelling of the synovial sheaths in the carpal tunnel, leading to compression of the median nerve.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the shape of the thickened central part of the palmar fascia?
Triangular-shaped palmar aponeurosis.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Where do the extensor muscles of the forearm attach?
At the lateral epicondyle and lateral supraepicondylar ridge.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What are the branches of the brachial artery that provide anastomoses around the elbow joint?
The deep artery of the arm (profunda brachii artery) and the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What is the primary function of the muscles in the thenar compartment?
To place the thumb in opposition.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What do the palmar metacarpal arteries anastomose with?
The common digital arteries.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What does the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve innervate?
The anterior surface of the medial 1 ½ fingers and palm proximal to them, and the dorsal equivalent surface.
p.4
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Where does the terminal cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve emerge?
From between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles in the cubital fossa.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What are the three fossae of the humeral condyle?
Radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa.
p.10
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
What happens to the radial nerve as it courses distally through the cubital fossa?
Only the deep branch contains motor fibers as the radial nerve pierces the supinator muscle, innervating it.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the carrying angle of the elbow?
The angle between the humerus and ulna when the elbow is fully extended, about 170 degrees.
p.2
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
The musculocutaneous nerve.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Where does the palmaris longus tendon attach?
To the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What ligaments are involved in the anterior and posterior support of the wrist?
The palmar (multiple) and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
With which tendon does the apex of the palmar aponeurosis fuse?
The tendon of the palmaris longus muscle.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
How is blood pressure routinely measured using the brachial artery?
By using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to obtain an indirect measurement through the resumption of arterial flow after momentary occlusion by the cuff.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What does the central compartment of the palm contain?
It contains long flexor tendons of the digits, the lumbrical muscles, and the arterial arches of the palm.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which muscles are included in the hypothenar muscles group?
Flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi.
p.13
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which intrinsic hand muscles are exceptions to ulnar nerve innervation?
The thenar muscles and the 2 lateral lumbricals (serving the 2nd and 3rd digits).
p.2
Humerus Anatomy and Function
What are the projections on the condyle of the humerus called?
The more medial trochlea and the lateral capitulum.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which tendon is the most radial (lateral) occupant of the carpal tunnel?
The tendon of the flexor pollicis longus.
p.10
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What structures form the roof and floor of the anatomical snuff box?
The roof is the deep fascia of the hand, and the floor is the scaphoid bone (and trapezium) and the radial artery.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Through which structure does the tendon of flexor carpi radialis pass?
Its own tunnel, between the carpal tunnel and the trapezium.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
Where do the flexor muscles of the forearm mainly attach?
At the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
p.15
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What can cause tenosynovitis?
Puncture wounds, overuse, and excessive friction.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which muscles are contained in the hypothenar compartment and what is their function?
The hypothenar compartment contains muscles that act on the 5th finger, giving rise to the hypothenar eminence.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
Where does the deep palmar arterial arch enter the palm?
From the dorsal surface, penetrating the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Where are the lumbrical muscles found and from where do they emanate?
They are found in the mid-palmar space, emanating from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus.
p.5
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What are the three parts of the ulnar collateral ligament?
Anterior band, posterior band, and oblique band.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which structures create the carpal tunnel distally?
Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium, and flexor retinaculum.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the TFCC often referred to as?
The triangular fibrocartilaginous complex.
p.2
Muscle Compartments of the Arm
What can cause biceps tendinitis?
Repetitive motion injury of the long head of the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove, leading to chronic inflammation and potential rupture.
p.8
Forearm Anatomy and Joint Mechanics
What is the function of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament?
It allows the hand to follow the forearm during pronation.
p.3
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Where can the radial nerve be found in relation to the triceps muscle?
Between the medial and lateral heads of the triceps muscle in the radial groove.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
Where does the brachial artery originate and terminate?
It is a continuation of the axillary artery at the inferior border of the teres major muscle and terminates in the cubital fossa opposite the radial head.
p.3
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
Where do the cephalic and basilic veins originate?
From the dorsal venous network of the hand.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which muscle is housed in the adductor compartment?
The adductor pollicis muscle.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What do the common digital arteries supply?
Two fingers, coursing towards the finger webs and then dividing into proper digital arteries.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What defines the movements of abduction and adduction of the fingers?
They are defined in relation to the sagittal plane passing through the middle of the 3rd digit.
p.12
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Why do Carpal Tunnel Syndrome symptoms not involve the palm?
Because the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve does not travel through the carpal tunnel.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
What are the skin ligaments in the palm called and what is their function?
They are called 'retinacula cutis' and they prevent slipping of the skin of the palm.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What is the dorsal carpal arch formed by?
Both radial and ulnar arteries, with contribution from the anterior interosseous artery.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervate?
The dorsal surface of the lateral 3 ½ fingers and dorsal surface proximal to them.
p.3
Blood Supply and Vasculature of the Arm
What is the pathway of the basilic vein?
It ascends medially and becomes the axillary vein, often as it merges with the brachial veins.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
Where do the digital arteries on the dorsum arise from?
The dorsal metacarpal arteries.
p.15
Arteries Nerves and Veins of the hand
What does the median nerve innervate?
The anterior surface of the lateral 3 ½ fingers (including the dorsal surfaces of those fingertips) and the palm proximal to them.
p.13
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Which muscles are included in the thenar muscles group?
Flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis.
p.13
Nerve Innervation in the Arm
Which nerve innervates most of the intrinsic hand muscles?
The ulnar nerve (deep branch).
