p.6
Cardiac Performance Components
What is cardiac output (CO)?
The volume of blood pumped per minute.
p.57
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the relationship between plasma lactate and proteinuria?
The text does not specify; further information is needed.
p.12
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the effect of cycles of contraction and relaxation of muscles on veins?
They compress and decompress the veins, functioning as a pump.
p.60
Renal Function and Exercise
What are common causes of kidney impairment?
Diabetes, Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Tubulointerstitial disease.
p.40
Renal Function and Exercise
How do renal tubules contribute to the conservation of extracellular fluid volume during exercise?
Renal tubules reabsorb water and electrolytes, influenced by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), to maintain fluid balance.
p.4
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the primary role of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
To increase blood flow to muscles.
p.61
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How is low physical activity related to CKD progression?
Low physical activity is associated with worsening CKD.
p.14
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What has the greatest contribution to increasing stroke volume at lower work rates?
Preload, as contractility has its greatest influence at higher work rates.
p.5
Cardiac Performance Components
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.
p.14
Cardiac Performance Components
What happens to sarcomere length during increased venous return?
It increases, leading to a greater force of contraction.
p.11
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the muscle pump's effect on venous return?
It helps increase venous return during exercise.
p.11
Circulation Control Mechanisms
How does the respiratory pump contribute to venous return?
It increases venous return during exercise.
p.43
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the body's response to increased metabolic waste during exercise?
The body needs to maintain excretion.
p.46
Renal Function and Exercise
What primarily controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
p.5
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate.
p.4
Cardiac Performance Components
Why is the cardiovascular system considered a limiting factor in athletic performance?
Due to its role in delivering adequate oxygen to working muscles.
p.16
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What are the cardiovascular responses to exercise?
Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow distribution.
p.27
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What must occur to maintain blood supply to exercising muscles?
A series of changes to regulate blood pressure and blood flow.
p.11
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What role does sympathetic vasoconstriction play in venous return during exercise?
It increases venous pressure, aiding venous return.
p.24
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is cardiovascular drift?
A phenomenon that occurs during exercise in a warm or neutral environment without a change in workload.
p.14
Cardiac Performance Components
What mechanism determines cardiac performance according to the Frank-Starling principle?
As the left ventricle fills more completely, it stretches further, producing a more forceful contraction.
p.24
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What mental effect can cardiovascular drift have on performance?
It can create a mental block that inhibits performance.
p.40
Renal Function and Exercise
What physiological challenges do the kidneys need to respond to during exercise?
The kidneys must manage fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and waste removal while maintaining blood pressure.
p.40
Renal Function and Exercise
What mechanisms lead to a reduction in renal blood flow (RBF) during mild to moderate exercise?
Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels reduce RBF while maintaining glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
p.23
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to cutaneous blood flow during the initial phase of exercise?
Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction to allow increased flow to muscles and the heart.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What happens to systolic and diastolic blood pressure during acute resistance exercise?
Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase.
p.40
Renal Function and Exercise
What role do hormones play in maintaining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during exercise?
Hormones like renin and angiotensin II help regulate blood pressure and maintain GFR despite reduced renal blood flow.
p.9
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the definition of Stroke Volume?
Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (mL).
p.22
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What regulates the increase in coronary blood flow during exercise?
Dilation of coronary vessels and local metabolic regulation.
p.1
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What type of responses are discussed in relation to exercise?
Cardiovascular responses.
p.61
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the relationship between physical activity and CKD patients?
Physical activity is low in CKD patients.
p.61
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the exercise tolerance level in CKD patients?
Exercise tolerance is also low.
p.24
Cardiac Performance Components
What compensatory mechanism occurs during cardiovascular drift?
An increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output (CO).
p.12
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to venous pressure when muscles contract?
It increases venous pressure.
p.23
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What triggers the activation of temperature receptors in the hypothalamus during exercise?
An increase in body temperature due to exercise intensity and duration.
p.14
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What are the key factors influencing blood pressure and blood flow during exercise?
Cardiac performance and circulation control.
p.32
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is one benefit of cardiovascular training on heart rate?
It leads to a reduced resting heart rate in trained individuals.
p.56
Renal Function and Exercise
Why is albumin normally not found in urine?
Because albumin is too large to cross the glomerular capillary filtration barrier.
p.12
Circulation Control Mechanisms
How do valves in the veins function during the skeletal muscle pump action?
They prevent backflow, allowing one-way flow to the heart.
p.59
Renal Function and Exercise
What is distorted due to oxidative stress during exercise?
The glomerular capillary filtration barrier.
p.46
Renal Function and Exercise
What happens to pressure downstream of a constricted vessel?
Pressure downstream decreases.
p.61
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What factors contribute to low physical activity in CKD patients?
Not just psychological, but also physiological causes.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the impact of the Valsalva maneuver during resistance exercise?
It increases intrathoracic pressure, leading to increased afterload and decreased stroke volume (SV).
p.23
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does cutaneous blood flow affect endurance performance in heat?
Increased perfusion to the skin for temperature control can compromise endurance performance.
p.7
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does heart rate change with increasing exercise intensity?
It increases and plateaus at maximal intensity.
p.35
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What significant effect did endurance training have on blood pressure?
Significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest.
p.7
Cardiac Performance Components
What does afterload refer to in cardiac performance?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to the baroreflex set point during exercise?
It is raised to a higher pressure to allow cardiac output to meet increased demand.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood the heart pumps in a given time.
p.56
Renal Function and Exercise
What is albuminuria?
The presence of albumin (protein) in urine, also known as proteinuria.
p.59
Renal Function and Exercise
What is hypohydration during exercise?
It occurs when fluid intake doesn't match water lost through sweat.
p.29
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood pressure?
By affecting blood vessel diameter, contractility, and heart rate.
p.24
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What effect does cardiovascular drift have on perceived effort?
It results in a higher rate of perceived effort (RPE), making one feel like they are expending more energy.
p.5
Cardiac Performance Components
How is cardiac performance determined?
By factors such as cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.45
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
It is redistributed to different organs.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does increased baroreceptor firing affect the vagus nerve?
It increases the rate of firing of the vagus nerve.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does systolic blood pressure respond to endurance exercise?
It increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise.
p.1
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the focus of Module 1?
Cardiac performance during exercise.
p.29
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What system is primarily responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation?
The sympathetic nervous system.
p.7
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the major factors determining cardiac performance?
Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.12
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What occurs when a pressure gradient exists in the veins?
The proximal valve opens.
p.58
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
How does hydration status affect renal injury during exercise?
It affects the degree of renal injury associated with exercise.
p.11
Cardiac Performance Components
How does increased EDV affect stroke volume (SV)?
Increased EDV leads to increased stroke volume.
p.55
Renal Function and Exercise
What is hematuria?
The presence of red blood cells in urine, causing a change in color.
p.47
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What happens to the filtration fraction when there is increased resistance in the efferent arteriole?
It increases, maintaining GFR.
p.4
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the key components of cardiovascular performance during exercise?
Cardiac performance, blood pressure, and blood flow.
p.2
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the components of cardiac performance?
Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.26
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does heart rate change during exercise?
Heart rate increases to meet the body's demand for oxygen.
p.32
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the resting heart rate range for an untrained person?
60-80 beats per minute (bpm).
p.17
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the components of cardiac performance?
Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.25
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the focus of Module 3?
Circulation control mechanisms during exercise and training.
p.12
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the role of the skeletal muscle pump during exercise?
It squeezes the leg veins, forcing blood back to the heart.
p.61
Renal Function and Exercise
What does reduced renal functional reserve refer to?
The capacity of the kidney to increase GFR and function.
p.57
Renal Function and Exercise
How does trauma affect albuminuria?
It increases levels regardless of contact or non-contact sports.
p.29
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the role of the kidneys in long-term blood pressure regulation?
They control blood volume through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
p.3
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does endurance training affect cardiac performance?
It improves cardiac performance.
p.62
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What was the primary activity in the active arm of the exercise program?
Walking and light weights.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What happens to baroreceptor firing when blood pressure increases?
The rate of baroreceptor firing increases.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is preload closely related to?
End diastolic volume (EDV).
p.9
Cardiac Performance Components
What does EDV represent?
Heart full volume before pumping.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the effect of increased baroreceptor activity on sympathetic nerve activity?
It decreases sympathetic nerve activity.
p.45
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does cardiac output change during light exercise?
It increases to 9500 ml/min.
p.5
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is contractility?
Contractility is the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to contract.
p.43
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What are the effects of increased renin release?
Increases ANGII, AVP, and ALDO.
p.6
Cardiac Performance Components
What factors influence cardiac performance?
Stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.32
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the resting heart rate range for a trained person?
35-45 beats per minute (bpm).
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the components of cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
p.18
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does the increase in CO affect MAP during exercise?
The increase in CO tends to override the decrease in TPR.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What is preload?
The initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers before contraction.
p.37
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the effect of endurance training on blood pressure during submaximal exercise?
Blood pressure decreases.
p.63
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How can exercise benefit CKD patients?
Exercise can improve outcomes for CKD patients.
p.27
Cardiac Performance Components
What determines cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume.
p.14
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the 'normal resting value' in relation to cardiac output (CO)?
When CO and venous return are equal.
p.3
Cardiac Performance Components
What determines cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume.
p.59
Renal Function and Exercise
What can result from renal ischemia during exercise?
Tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress.
p.5
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What factors influence stroke volume?
Preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.11
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the relationship between increased venous return and end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
Increased venous return leads to increased EDV.
p.35
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
Who were the participants in the study on endurance training and hypertension?
Unmedicated, sedentary individuals with hypertension.
p.29
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What do baroreceptors signal to regulate blood pressure?
They signal to the cardiovascular control center.
p.49
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What activates baroreceptors during exercise?
Increased blood pressure.
p.26
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the components of cardiac performance?
Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What happens to diastolic blood pressure during endurance exercise?
It changes little or not at all.
p.18
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
Why does MAP increase during exercise?
To increase CO and supply working muscles with more oxygen.
p.9
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What factors determine cardiac performance?
Stroke volume, blood pressure, and blood flow.
p.43
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the result of increased ANGII, AVP, and ALDO?
Increased sodium reabsorption.
p.6
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does exercise affect cardiac output?
Cardiac output increases during exercise.
p.56
Renal Function and Exercise
What factors can lead to albumin being filtered in the kidneys?
Increases in glomerular pressure, increases in shear stress, and distortion of the basement membrane.
p.27
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does endurance training affect cardiac performance?
It improves cardiac performance.
p.58
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What type of exercise was studied in the research?
High intensity intermittent running (6 x 15 min shuttle running).
p.3
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to metabolic rate during exercise?
It increases, leading to increased cardiac output and blood flow.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What effect does mechanical compression of vessels in exercising muscles have?
It increases total peripheral resistance (TPR).
p.23
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the effect of reduced sympathetic input during exercise?
It leads to vasodilation, allowing excess heat to be lost as blood flows through dilated vessels in the skin.
p.43
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to skeletal muscle during exercise?
Increased skeletal muscle work and demand for oxygen.
p.9
Cardiac Performance Components
How is Stroke Volume calculated?
SV = End Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End Systolic Volume (ESV).
p.22
Circulation Control Mechanisms
Which substances are involved in local metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow?
Adenosine, nitric oxide, and K ATP channels.
p.6
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is the maximal cardiac output for untrained individuals during exercise?
20 L/min (4-fold increase).
p.47
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is the effect of constriction of the efferent arteriole?
Greater increase in efferent arteriole resistance, reducing renal blood flow.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate.
p.20
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What organs are included in splanchnic blood flow?
Stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and spleen.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is afterload in cardiac performance?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.28
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What role does training play in circulation control?
It enhances circulation control mechanisms.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the 'exercise pressor reflex'?
It involves receptors within exercising muscle that help regulate MAP.
p.47
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the effect of increased protein concentration in peritubular capillaries?
Increases sodium and water reabsorption.
p.13
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the main factors determining cardiac performance?
Afterload, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, preload, and contractility.
p.32
Cardiac Performance Components
What happens to maximal heart rate with training?
Maximal heart rate is not altered by training and typically ranges from 180-200 bpm.
p.13
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the relationship between cardiac output and stroke volume?
Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.
p.60
Renal Function and Exercise
Does exercise further impair kidney function?
It depends on the individual's condition; generally, moderate exercise is beneficial.
p.27
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to metabolic rate during exercise?
It increases, leading to increased cardiac output and blood flow to maintain blood pressure.
p.57
Renal Function and Exercise
What factors are albuminuria levels proportional to during exercise?
Intensity, duration, hydration status, and body temperature.
p.3
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What must occur to maintain blood supply to exercising muscles?
A series of changes to regulate blood pressure and blood flow.
p.46
Renal Function and Exercise
What occurs to pressure upstream of a constricted vessel?
Pressure upstream increases.
p.14
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does exercise affect venous return and cardiac performance?
Increased venous return leads to an increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV), stretching muscle fibers and evoking a greater force of contraction.
p.4
Circulation Control Mechanisms
How does the cardiovascular system support muscle function during exercise?
By increasing oxygen supply and nutrient delivery.
p.29
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What are baroreceptors?
Stretch receptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure.
p.4
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What waste products does the cardiovascular system help remove during exercise?
Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste.
p.62
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What outcomes were measured in the exercise program?
Improvements in the 6-minute walking test and sit-to-stand test.
p.5
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What does afterload refer to?
Afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.28
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = HR x SV (Heart Rate x Stroke Volume).
p.2
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
Heart rate increases to meet the body's demand for oxygen.
p.63
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What factors can worsen the risk of AKI during exercise?
Heat stress and dehydration.
p.18
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to total peripheral resistance (TPR) during exercise?
TPR decreases due to vasodilation of muscle and skin arterioles.
p.53
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What hormone levels increase in response to acute kidney injury?
Renin, aldosterone, and angiotensin II (Ang II).
p.32
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does training affect submaximal heart rate?
A trained person has a lower heart rate at the same workload compared to an untrained person.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) respond to exercise intensity?
Mean arterial pressure increases.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What occurs when baroreceptors are unloaded during exercise?
A marked increase in blood pressure is observed.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What are positive inotropic agents?
Substances that increase the developed force of the heart.
p.53
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What happens to urine concentration during acute kidney injury?
Urine becomes more concentrated.
p.37
Cardiac Performance Components
What happens to end-diastolic volume (EDV) and contractility in trained individuals?
Both EDV and contractility increase.
p.58
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What were the two hydration conditions during the exercise?
90% of sweat losses (EU) or 75 mL water (HYP).
p.43
Renal Function and Exercise
How does the body reduce renal loss and conserve fluid during exercise?
Through sweating and increased respiration.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is preload in cardiac performance?
The degree of stretch of myocardial fibers prior to contraction.
p.3
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What are the key components involved in regulating blood pressure during exercise?
Control mechanisms that increase cardiac output and blood flow.
p.33
Cardiac Performance Components
How does heart rate respond during a staged treadmill test?
Heart rate increases with the intensity of exercise.
p.46
Renal Function and Exercise
Can R AA and R EA change simultaneously?
Yes, and their effects are summative.
p.63
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What effect does exercise have on renal blood flow?
Exercise causes renal vasoconstriction, leading to ischemia and hypoxia.
p.32
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does training affect stroke volume?
Training improves the efficiency of the cardiovascular system to pump blood, increasing stroke volume.
p.37
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the effect of endurance training on cardiac output?
Cardiac output increases.
p.49
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What hormone levels increase due to exercise?
Renin, sympathetic activity, AVP, aldosterone, and Ang II.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What components make up cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
p.33
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does fitness level affect heart rate response during exercise?
Increased fitness leads to a more efficient heart rate response.
p.9
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What role does training play in cardiac performance?
It influences circulation control.
p.49
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What physiological conditions can lead to dehydration during exercise?
Electrolyte loss and heat stress.
p.49
Renal Function and Exercise
What happens to urine concentration during exercise?
Urine becomes more concentrated.
p.33
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What are the stages of exercise in a treadmill test?
Stages 1, 2, and 3, each lasting 2-5 minutes.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the primary effect of increased afferent arteriole constriction?
Redistribution of blood flow to maintain blood pressure and muscle blood flow.
p.36
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does training affect plasma volume?
It increases independently.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the result of reduced urinary loss of water and solutes during strenuous exercise?
Conservation of body fluids.
p.28
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to heart rate during exercise or stress?
There is a withdrawal of vagal tone and activation of sympathetic nerves.
p.5
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is preload in relation to cardiac performance?
Preload refers to the initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers before contraction.
p.43
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the effect of increased renal sympathetic nerve activation?
It causes renal vasoconstriction and reduces renal blood flow.
p.20
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
Why is constant blood flow critical for the brain?
It is essential for neural function.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What factors influence contractility?
Calcium availability and neural or hormonal factors.
p.62
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What effect can moderate levels of physical activity have on chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
They can delay CKD progression and improve kidney function in some cases.
p.55
Renal Function and Exercise
What factors can reduce the incidence of hematuria?
Older age and lower intensity exercise without a time limit.
p.47
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does increased resistance in the efferent arteriole affect peritubular capillary blood pressure?
It reduces peritubular capillary blood pressure.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What is the response of systolic blood pressure during exercise intensity?
Systolic blood pressure increases.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What role does renal sympathetic nerve activity play?
It influences renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to pulse pressure during exercise intensity?
Pulse pressure increases.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the function of Angiotensin II (Ang II)?
It regulates renal function and blood pressure.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What is afterload?
The pressure the heart must work against to eject blood.
p.18
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the relationship between SBP, MAP, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during exercise?
SBP increases, leading to an increase in MAP, which also results in an increase in DBP.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
How does the feedback mechanism affect MAP during exercise?
It can lead to a decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR) while maintaining cardiac output.
p.53
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the role of osmoreceptors during exercise?
They help regulate fluid balance.
p.53
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What should be done to manage fluid loss during exercise?
Fluid replacement is necessary.
p.54
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is autophagy upregulation in the context of exercise?
Destruction of damaged or redundant cellular components.
p.63
Renal Function and Exercise
How do the kidneys contribute during exercise?
They help maintain extracellular fluid homeostasis.
p.23
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What visual change occurs in the skin due to increased blood flow during exercise?
The skin appears pink or red due to dilated vessels.
p.63
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What can extreme levels of exertion lead to?
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).
p.28
Cardiac Performance Components
What are the two main components of cardiac performance mentioned?
Blood pressure and blood flow.
p.26
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is preload?
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is contractility?
The ability of the heart muscle to contract.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What factors are associated with blood pressure and blood flow?
Preload, afterload, and contractility.
p.33
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How does training affect blood pressure regulation during exercise?
Training improves blood pressure regulation.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the effect of metabolites on blood flow during exercise?
They promote local vasodilation, increasing blood flow to remove metabolic byproducts.
p.2
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does blood pressure change during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure increases, while diastolic blood pressure may remain stable or slightly decrease.
p.8
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What role does training play in circulation control?
Training enhances the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.
p.46
Renal Function and Exercise
What factors control glomerular capillary pressure (P GC)?
The relative degree of afferent (R AA) and efferent (R EA) arteriole resistance.
p.37
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What happens to heart rate in response to endurance training?
Heart rate decreases at submaximal exercise but not at maximal exercise.
p.13
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is afterload?
The load that the heart pumps against to eject blood, influenced by aortic pressure and vascular resistance.
p.55
Renal Function and Exercise
What percentage of participants experienced hematuria after a 5 km run?
12% of participants (n=419).
p.53
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What activates baroreceptors during exercise?
Increased blood pressure changes.
p.7
Cardiac Performance Components
What is contractility in the context of cardiac performance?
The ability of the heart muscle to contract effectively.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What role does central command play in regulating MAP during exercise?
It causes vagal withdrawal, contributing to the increase in cardiac output.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
What happens to renal blood flow (RBF) during strenuous exercise?
It decreases from 1200 to 500 ml/min.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What do chemical sensors (metaboreflex) detect during exercise?
They detect metabolites like CO2 and lactic acid, promoting local vasodilation.
p.47
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What type of exercise intensity is mentioned in relation to renal function?
Moderate exercise intensity.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What is Vasopressin (AVP) also known as?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
p.52
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What are some long-term beneficial effects of exercise on renal function?
Improved kidney blood flow, enhanced glomerular filtration rate, and better regulation of blood pressure.
p.2
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What changes occur in coronary and cutaneous blood flow during exercise?
Coronary blood flow increases to supply the heart, while cutaneous blood flow may increase to help with temperature regulation.
p.52
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What are the potential effects of exercise in patients with chronic kidney disease?
Exercise can improve physical function and quality of life, but excessive exercise may lead to further kidney damage.
p.8
Cardiac Performance Components
What does contractility refer to?
The strength of the heart's contraction.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What influences preload?
Ventricular filling, venous return, respiratory pressure, muscle pumping, venous tone, and blood volume.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What is contractility in cardiac performance?
The intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to generate force at a given fiber length.
p.62
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What additional benefits were observed from the exercise program?
Reduced hospitalization, improved cognitive function, and quality of life.
p.6
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is the maximal cardiac output for trained individuals during exercise?
40 L/min (8-fold increase).
p.13
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
How is stroke volume related to afterload?
Stroke volume is inversely proportional to afterload; as afterload increases, stroke volume decreases.
p.19
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What are the two types of exercise compared in terms of blood pressure regulation?
Resistance exercise and endurance exercise.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What factors influence renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?
Tubular reabsorption, neural activity, hormonal factors, and physical factors.
p.45
Renal Function and Exercise
How is renal blood flow affected during exercise?
It shows a marked reduction.
p.45
Renal Function and Exercise
What happens to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) during exercise?
GFR is well maintained initially but progressively falls.
p.2
Cardiac Performance Components
What is preload?
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction, influenced by venous return.
p.17
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the role of Aldosterone (Aldo) in renal function?
It helps regulate sodium and water balance.
p.63
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What should be considered in exercise prescription for patients?
Type, duration, and intensity of exercise.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What is the effect of exercise on plasma aldosterone levels?
Plasma aldosterone levels increase.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the relationship between heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) during training?
HR and SV increase, leading to an increase in CO.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the role of the muscle pump in venous return (VR)?
It increases venous return.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
How does low calcium affect contractility?
It decreases contractility.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
Why is contractility important during moderate-high intensity exercise?
It helps meet the increased demand for blood flow.
p.8
Cardiac Performance Components
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.
p.33
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What happens to oxygen delivery during exercise?
Oxygen delivery increases.
p.9
Cardiac Performance Components
What does ESV represent?
Volume remaining after pumping.
p.4
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What happens to blood flow during exercise?
It increases to meet the demands of active muscles.
p.47
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is the consequence of reduced renal blood flow on filtration fraction?
Greater proportion of blood is filtered.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What happens to cardiac output (CO) when blood pressure increases?
Cardiac output decreases.
p.17
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
Heart rate increases to meet the body's demand for oxygen.
p.2
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does stroke volume change during exercise?
Stroke volume typically increases due to enhanced contractility and preload.
p.17
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, influenced by heart rate and stroke volume.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How is blood pressure controlled during exercise?
Baroreceptor-mediated control is maintained by resetting to a higher blood pressure.
p.55
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What are the risks associated with rhabdomyolysis?
Long endurance events, very strenuous exercise, and/or poor hydration.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the effect of pressure overload on the heart?
Sarcomeres are added in parallel, increasing cardiomyocyte cell width and left ventricle wall thickness.
p.36
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What is the relationship between training and left ventricular (LV) volume?
Training increases LV volume (hypertrophy).
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the effect of high calcium levels on contractility?
It increases contractility.
p.52
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What are two factors that increase the risk of exercise-induced AKI?
Dehydration and high-intensity exercise.
p.54
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What is ischemic conditioning?
Destruction of damaged or redundant cellular components occurring in vacuoles within the cell.
p.7
Cardiac Performance Components
What is preload in relation to cardiac performance?
The initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers before contraction.
p.10
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
How does exercise affect preload?
Preload is increased due to increased venous return.
p.33
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to sympathetic input during exercise?
Sympathetic input increases.
p.35
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
Did all training regimens have an effect on DBP?
Yes, all regimens had the same effect on DBP.
p.63
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
How does chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect exercise tolerance?
Patients with CKD have reduced exercise tolerance.
p.32
Cardiac Performance Components
What is the resting heart rate range for an elite athlete?
25-40 beats per minute (bpm).
p.55
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What is rhabdomyolysis?
Muscle injury that leads to the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
Which arteriole has greater resistance during strenuous exercise?
Afferent arteriole (R AA > R EA).
p.49
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What fluids are lost during exercise?
Sweat and respiratory fluids.
p.31
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What response does the exercise pressor reflex override?
It overrides the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response.
p.54
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What are the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise?
Exercise provides anti-inflammatory effects.
p.53
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What is a common setting for acute kidney injury during exercise?
Dehydration, electrolyte loss, and heat stress.
p.20
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
How is cerebral blood flow regulated?
Tightly regulated to control oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What physiological change occurs in the heart due to training?
Increased heart volume and mass, known as physiological hypertrophy.
p.26
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to stroke volume during exercise?
Stroke volume typically increases due to enhanced contractility and preload.
p.2
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, influenced by heart rate and stroke volume.
p.30
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
What is the effect of increased blood pressure on total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
Total peripheral resistance decreases.
p.63
Long-term Benefits of Exercise on Kidney Function
What is the impact of low physical activity on CKD?
It worsens chronic kidney disease.
p.49
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the body's response to fluid loss during exercise?
Osmoreceptors trigger fluid replacement.
p.26
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is contractility?
The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to contract.
p.53
Renal Function and Exercise
What physiological response occurs due to increased renal work during exercise?
Increased oxygen consumption.
p.26
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
Describe the normal hemodynamic response during exercise.
Systolic blood pressure increases, diastolic pressure may remain stable or slightly decrease, and mean arterial pressure rises.
p.17
Cardiac Performance Components
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does plasma vasopressin respond to exercise intensity?
Plasma vasopressin levels increase.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
What are negative inotropic agents?
Substances that decrease the developed force of the heart.
p.8
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What determines cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
p.13
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What happens to afterload when mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases?
Afterload increases, leading to an increase in end-systolic volume (ESV) and a decrease in stroke volume (SV).
p.26
Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.10
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does training affect cardiac performance?
It can improve circulation control and overall cardiac efficiency.
p.32
Cardiac Performance Components
How does age affect maximal heart rate?
Maximal heart rate decreases with age, calculated as HR max = 220 - age.
p.26
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
How does blood flow change during exercise?
Coronary and cutaneous blood flow increases, while blood flow to non-active muscles decreases.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
What happens to sodium and water reabsorption during strenuous exercise?
Reabsorption of sodium and water increases.
p.26
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How do cardiovascular responses change with exercise training?
Trained individuals typically have a lower resting heart rate, higher stroke volume, and greater cardiac output during exercise.
p.52
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What are two outward signs of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Decreased urine output and swelling due to fluid retention.
p.17
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does cardiac output change with exercise training?
Cardiac output can increase due to higher stroke volume and improved heart rate response.
p.8
Cardiac Performance Components
What is preload?
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction.
p.13
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does exercise affect afterload?
Afterload increases due to higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), which reduces stroke volume, but this effect is dampened by vasodilation during exercise.
p.48
Renal Function and Exercise
What is the change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during strenuous exercise?
It declines from 125 to 60 ml/min.
p.53
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What is the effect of acute kidney injury on renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Both RBF and GFR decrease.
p.44
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to plasma renin activity during exercise?
Plasma renin activity increases.
p.2
Cardiac Performance Components
What is contractility?
The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to contract, independent of preload and afterload.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What is the role of the 'metaboreflex' during exercise?
It promotes local vasodilation for the removal of metabolic waste.
p.26
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What role do baroreceptors play during exercise?
Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes and adjusting heart rate and vascular resistance.
p.52
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
How can exercise cause acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Exercise can lead to dehydration, muscle breakdown, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What factors enhance the removal of oxygen from blood during exercise?
Decreased pH, increased CO2, lactic acid, and temperature.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What is the change in capillary recruitment from rest to exercise?
From 25% at rest to 100% with exercise.
p.8
Cardiac Performance Components
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What type of training is associated with acute increases in blood pressure?
Weight lifting and wrestling.
p.33
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What is the heart rate response during recovery after exercise?
Heart rate gradually decreases.
p.2
Cardiac Performance Components
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.
p.17
Cardiac Performance Components
How does preload affect cardiac performance?
Preload is the initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers, influencing stroke volume.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What happens to left ventricle volume during pressure overload?
There is no change or a decrease in left ventricle volume.
p.41
Renal Function and Exercise
What is pressure natriuresis?
A mechanism that regulates sodium excretion in response to changes in blood pressure.
p.2
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What role do baroreceptors play during exercise?
They help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes in arterial pressure and adjusting heart rate and vascular resistance.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
How much does oxygen consumption increase during exercise compared to blood flow?
Oxygen consumption increases 60 times, while blood flow increases only 15 times.
p.17
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does exercise training affect heart rate?
Regular training typically results in a lower resting heart rate and a more efficient heart.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What types of training are associated with cardiac remodeling?
Swimming, running, and cycling.
p.20
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
What mechanism reduces cardiac output directed to splanchnic vessels during exercise?
Sympathetic vasoconstriction.
p.15
Cardiac Performance Components
Which hormones act as positive inotropic agents?
Noradrenaline and adrenaline.
p.17
Cardiac Performance Components
What is contractility?
The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to contract, affecting stroke volume.
p.17
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
How does blood pressure change during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure increases, while diastolic pressure may remain stable or slightly decrease.
p.17
Circulation Control Mechanisms
What is the role of baroreceptors during exercise?
Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes and adjusting heart rate and vascular resistance.
p.52
Acute Kidney Injury and Exercise
What is the mechanism driving the increased risk of exercise-induced AKI?
Dehydration leads to reduced renal perfusion and increased muscle breakdown releases myoglobin, which can be toxic to the kidneys.
p.8
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does stroke volume change with exercise intensity?
It increases proportionally up to ~60% of maximal aerobic power (VO2 max).
p.32
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What physiological changes occur in heart rate due to training?
Increased vagal input and decreased sympathetic input.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
How does oxygen extraction change from rest to exercise?
It increases from 25% at rest to 90% with exercise.
p.34
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What occurs during volume overload in the heart?
Sarcomeres are added in series, increasing cardiomyocyte cell length and left ventricle volume.
p.8
Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise
How do blood pressure and blood flow relate to cardiac performance?
They are influenced by stroke volume, heart rate, and overall cardiac output.
p.2
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
How does cardiovascular response change with exercise training?
Trained individuals typically have a lower resting heart rate, higher stroke volume, and increased cardiac output during exercise.
p.17
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What changes occur in stroke volume with exercise training?
Stroke volume increases due to improved heart efficiency and increased blood volume.
p.54
Impact of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Responses
What are the anti-oxidative effects of exercise?
Exercise provides anti-oxidative effects.
p.21
Blood Flow Distribution in Active Muscles
Why is enhanced capillary recruitment important during exercise?
It increases surface area for muscle oxygenation, allowing for more efficient transfer.
p.8
Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise
What happens to cardiac output at exercise intensity greater than 60%?
It increases primarily through an increase in heart rate.
