p.2
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What distinguishes non-ferrous metals from ferrous metals?
Non-ferrous metals do not contain significant amounts of iron.
p.2
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a key characteristic of polymers?
They are made of long chains of molecules and can be flexible or rigid.
p.2
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a common application of advanced materials?
In aerospace and automotive industries for improved performance.
p.2
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a shape memory alloy?
A material that can return to a predetermined shape when heated.
p.14
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is cast iron?
A group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
How do ferrous metals perform against corrosion?
They have low resistance to corrosion.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
Are ferrous metals usually magnetic?
Yes, they are usually magnetic.
p.14
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
How is cast iron formed?
By casting liquid metal into a prepared mold.
p.63
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are non-metallic materials?
Materials that do not exhibit the properties of metals, often including polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the primary characteristic of metallic materials?
They are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
p.8
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are common products made from ferrous metals?
Plates, bars, wire rod, and sheets.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is one of the electrical properties of ferrous metals?
They are good conductors of electricity.
p.62
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is durability defined as?
Resistance to deterioration processes due to environmental interactions or interactions between constituent materials.
p.38
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the three main types of timber?
Softwood, hardwood, and manufactured boards.
p.63
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some applications of non-metallic materials?
Used in construction, packaging, and electronics.
p.21
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
Is tin considered a non-ferrous metal?
Yes, tin is a non-ferrous metal.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What are some common examples of metallic materials?
Iron, aluminum, copper, and steel.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is a key characteristic of ferrous metals regarding durability?
Ferrous metals are durable.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the significance of ductility in metals?
It allows metals to be drawn into wires.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
Can ferrous metals be recycled?
Yes, they are recyclable.
p.4
Types of Engineering Materials
What are some criteria for selecting materials?
Properties required, deterioration of material properties, and economics.
p.123
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key environmental advantage of photovoltaic materials?
They are pollution-free during use.
p.25
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
Why is zinc used for electroplating?
Because it does not corrode as easily as other metals.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the primary characteristic of metallic materials?
They are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
p.68
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What happens to valence electrons at high temperatures in semiconductors?
They gain energy to jump from one covalent bond to another.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
What property makes metals malleable?
The ability to deform under stress without breaking.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
How does the density of metals generally compare to non-metals?
Metals typically have a higher density than non-metals.
p.11
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
In what forms is iron found in nature?
As oxides, carbonates, silicates, and sulfides.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are ceramics primarily composed of?
Solid compounds that may consist of metallic or nonmetallic elements.
p.123
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How long can photovoltaic materials operate?
For 100 years or even more.
p.56
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the primary ingredients of concrete?
Cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel).
p.100
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are fibrous composites?
Materials made from a matrix and reinforcing fibers.
p.38
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the categories of hardwood?
Heavy, medium, and light.
p.110
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a Shape Memory Alloy?
A type of smart material that can return to its original shape after deformation when exposed to a specific stimulus.
p.129
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are some alternative names for Shape-Memory Alloys?
Memory Metal, Memory Alloy, Smart Metal, Smart Alloy, or Muscle Wire.
p.46
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How are synthetic polymers typically produced?
Through polymerization processes that link monomers together.
p.110
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is Self Healing Paint?
A smart material that can repair itself when damaged.
p.112
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What types of materials can be photochromic?
They can be optical glasses or plastic materials.
p.39
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What types of insulation does timber provide?
Insulation from heat, sound, and electricity.
p.52
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are the melting temperature and stiffness characteristics of ceramics?
Ceramics have a high melting temperature and high stiffness.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What property of ferrous metals contributes to their strength?
They have great tensile strength.
p.8
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
How can the properties of ferrous metals be altered?
By adding various alloying elements.
p.17
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What determines the usage of steel?
The percentage of carbon in its composition.
p.119
Smart Materials and Their Functions
Where can thermochromic thermometers be applied?
On the exterior of aquariums.
p.114
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How can photochromic materials be used in data storage?
For terabyte optical data storage.
p.49
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a primary characteristic of glass?
Glass is a transparent material that can be molded into various shapes.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
Give an example of a ceramic.
Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃).
p.47
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a key advantage of synthetic polymers?
They can be engineered for specific properties.
p.49
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the function of an insulator?
An insulator prevents the flow of electricity or heat.
p.100
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the role of the matrix in fibrous composites?
To bind the fibers together and transfer loads.
p.28
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
In which industries is copper widely used?
Electrical and air-conditioning industries.
p.64
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the two basic classifications of semiconductors?
Intrinsic material and extrinsic material.
p.52
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What resistance do ceramics exhibit?
Excellent corrosion and wear resistance.
p.6
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the common characteristics of ferrous metals?
They are magnetic, prone to rust, and have high tensile strength.
p.49
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are refractories used for?
They are used to withstand high temperatures in industrial processes.
p.14
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the two types of cast iron?
Gray cast iron and white cast iron.
p.91
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is a key characteristic of composite materials?
They have significantly different physical/chemical properties that remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level.
p.63
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How do non-metallic materials compare to metals in terms of weight?
They are typically lighter than metals.
p.123
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What benefit do photovoltaic materials provide in terms of energy transmission?
They help in reducing transmission/distribution losses.
p.43
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is polyethylene made from?
Joining many ethylene molecules together.
p.56
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
Why is water important in concrete mixing?
Water is essential for the hydration process, which hardens the concrete.
p.80
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What are nanomaterials?
Materials with structures at the nanoscale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers.
p.46
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are the advantages of synthetic polymers?
They are lightweight, durable, and can be engineered for specific properties.
p.122
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the primary function of photovoltaic materials?
To convert light energy to electrical energy.
p.127
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What inefficiency does self-healing paint help to reduce?
The inefficiency of the materials due to degradation.
p.46
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a common characteristic of synthetic polymers?
They can be designed to be flexible or rigid depending on their application.
p.39
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a visual characteristic of timber?
Aesthetically pleasing appearance.
p.60
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the modulus of elasticity indicate?
A material’s resistance to being deformed when stress is applied.
p.131
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one application of Shape Memory Alloys in metal tubing?
They can be used to make hermetic joints.
p.53
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are ceramics known for?
Their hardness, brittleness, and resistance to heat and corrosion.
p.81
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a key characteristic of nanomaterials?
They exhibit unique physical and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
p.4
Types of Engineering Materials
What types of engineers are likely to encounter design problems involving materials?
Mechanical, civil, or electrical engineers.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the role of metallic bonding in metals?
It allows for the free movement of electrons, contributing to conductivity.
p.26
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is a primary application of die-casting alloys?
Used for producing automotive parts.
p.30
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
In which industry are metals used for food containers?
Food containers industry.
p.47
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are some common applications of synthetic polymers?
Used in packaging, textiles, and automotive parts.
p.49
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are bricks primarily made from?
Bricks are typically made from clay or other non-metallic materials.
p.116
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What type of materials are used in thermochromic thermometers?
Smart materials that exhibit color change with temperature variations.
p.91
Applications of Composites in Engineering
Why are different materials used in composites?
Because different materials are suitable for different applications.
p.46
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are some common uses of synthetic polymers?
They are used in packaging, textiles, automotive parts, and medical devices.
p.85
Super Alloys and Their Uses
How do superalloys achieve high temperature strength?
Through solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening.
p.100
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the advantages of using fibrous composites?
High strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility.
p.80
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a key characteristic of nanomaterials?
They exhibit unique physical and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
p.117
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are the two forms of thermochromic materials?
Liquid crystals and leuco dyes.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
How does the crystalline structure of metals affect their properties?
It contributes to their strength and ductility.
p.110
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a Thermochromic thermometer?
A thermometer that changes color based on temperature changes.
p.92
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What role does reinforcement play in composite materials?
It imparts special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties.
p.37
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some natural polymers found in wood?
Lignin, cellulose, and various hemi-celluloses.
p.118
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What makes thermochromic thermometers resilient?
Their ability to withstand various conditions without damage.
p.47
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are synthetic polymers?
Man-made materials created through chemical processes.
p.25
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
How well does zinc conduct electricity?
It is a reasonable conductor of electricity.
p.17
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
How many types can carbon steel be classified into?
Three types: low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel.
p.116
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a thermochromic thermometer?
A thermometer that changes color in response to temperature changes.
p.133
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are some bioengineering applications of shape memory alloys?
Dental braces and opening clogged veins and arteries.
p.117
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a thermochromic thermometer?
A type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive liquid crystals that change color to indicate different temperatures.
p.63
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is one advantage of using non-metallic materials?
They often have better corrosion resistance than metals.
p.49
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What category do non-metallic materials fall under?
They include materials like ceramics, glass, and polymers.
p.77
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How can nanomaterials occur naturally?
As nanoparticles produced during volcanic eruptions or as by-products of combustion reactions.
p.90
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
How do advanced materials contribute to sustainability?
They often require less energy to produce and can enhance the efficiency of products.
p.110
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are Photochromic materials?
Materials that change color in response to light exposure.
p.99
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How do laminated composites improve performance?
By combining the strengths of different materials.
p.38
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)?
A type of manufactured board.
p.84
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What types of resistance do Super Alloys have?
Corrosion and oxidation resistance.
p.80
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How do nanomaterials benefit medical applications?
They can improve drug delivery systems and enhance imaging techniques.
p.42
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are some advantages of using polymers?
Low density, high corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, and ease of manufacturing into complex shapes.
p.14
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is a key characteristic of cast iron related to its melting temperature?
It has a relatively low melting temperature.
p.4
Types of Engineering Materials
What is a materials problem in engineering?
Selecting the right material from the many thousands available.
p.21
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What are non-ferrous metals?
Metals that do not contain iron.
p.119
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one use of thermochromic thermometers in healthcare?
To measure body temperature.
p.12
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
How is wrought iron made?
By repeatedly heating the iron and working it with tools to deform it.
p.26
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are some items that are coated with die-casting alloys?
Sheet steel, chain, wire, screws, and piping.
p.12
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What processing methods can be used on wrought iron?
Forging, knocking, squeezing, and rolling.
p.85
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What has superalloy development heavily depended on?
Chemical and process innovations.
p.64
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a semiconductor?
A material with electrical conductivity above an insulator but below a conductor.
p.112
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are photochromic materials?
Transparent materials that exhibit increased light absorption when exposed to light.
p.93
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are fibrous composites?
Materials made from a matrix and reinforcing fibers, providing enhanced strength and stiffness.
p.84
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What mechanical properties do Super Alloys exhibit at high temperatures?
Excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance.
p.118
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do thermochromic thermometers respond to temperature changes?
They change color in response to temperature fluctuations.
p.90
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What role do nanomaterials play in advanced materials?
They provide unique properties at the nanoscale, enhancing strength, conductivity, and reactivity.
p.115
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are smart materials?
Materials that can respond to changes in their environment, such as temperature, pressure, or electric fields.
p.42
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a polymer?
A substance containing high-molecular-weight molecules, consisting of repeating units bonded to each other.
p.87
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is a key mechanical property of super alloys?
They possess really good mechanical strength.
p.67
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some examples of intrinsic semiconductors?
Silicon, Germanium, Gallium, Arsenide.
p.92
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What functions does the matrix serve in composite materials?
It binds the fiber reinforcement, transfers loads between fibers, gives the composite its net shape, and determines its surface quality.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a key advantage of the extremely small size of nanomaterials?
They offer various different advantages for applications.
p.70
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a P-type semiconductor?
Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (e.g., Boron, Gallium, Indium) that create holes.
p.42
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
In what applications are polymers typically used?
Where mechanical strength is of secondary importance.
p.7
Types of Engineering Materials
What are some common examples of metallic materials?
Iron, aluminum, copper, and steel.
p.8
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What defines ferrous metals?
Ferrous metals are materials with iron as the base metal.
p.114
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one application of photochromic materials in eyewear?
Sunglasses merged with eyeglasses.
p.47
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How are synthetic polymers typically produced?
Through polymerization of monomers.
p.62
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What factors influence the durability of concrete?
The quality of the concrete and its mix proportion.
p.62
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does water absorption affect concrete durability?
Concrete that absorbs water will reduce its durability.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are the primary classifications of ceramics?
Glasses, cements, bricks, clay products, refractories, and abrasives.
p.90
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the primary characteristic of advanced materials?
They exhibit superior properties compared to conventional materials.
p.11
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are two examples of iron metals?
Wrought iron and cast iron.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What property makes metals malleable?
The ability to deform under stress without breaking.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How is a ceramic shaped?
A mixture of ceramic powders, water, and binder materials is molded, dried, and then heated.
p.53
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a non-metallic material?
Materials that do not exhibit the properties of metals, often including polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.99
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is plywood?
A type of laminated composite made from thin layers of wood veneer.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What happens during the heating process of ceramics?
The binder materials oxidize, allowing ceramic powder particles to bond together.
p.53
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some common types of non-metallic materials?
Polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.112
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do photochromic properties typically arise?
From the addition of a photochromic substance to a transparent material.
p.80
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
In which fields are nanomaterials commonly used?
Electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental applications.
p.24
Types of Engineering Materials
In which industries are metallic materials widely used?
Transportation vehicles, construction, aeronautics, cooking utensils, and food containers.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What property makes metals malleable?
The ability to deform under stress without breaking.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)?
Composites that consist of a ceramic matrix reinforced with fibers or particles.
p.17
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the two main types of steel?
Carbon steel and alloy steel.
p.63
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a common characteristic of non-metallic materials?
They are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.
p.91
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are composite materials made from?
Two or more metallic and/or non-metallic materials.
p.4
Types of Engineering Materials
Why is it important to consider the deterioration of material properties?
Because it may occur during service operation.
p.129
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a Shape-Memory Alloy (SMA)?
An alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated.
p.116
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the primary function of a thermochromic thermometer?
To visually indicate temperature changes through color changes.
p.100
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What types of fibers are commonly used in fibrous composites?
Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers.
p.133
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What aerospace application utilizes shape memory alloys?
Lightweight actuators for folding the outer portions of wings during flight.
p.129
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What happens to a Shape-Memory Alloy when it is heated?
It returns to its pre-deformed ('remembered') shape.
p.77
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What are some forms that nanomaterials can take?
Particles, tubes, powders, coatings, etc.
p.64
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is intrinsic material in the context of semiconductors?
A type of semiconductor that is pure and has no significant impurities.
p.100
Applications of Composites in Engineering
In what industries are fibrous composites commonly used?
Aerospace, automotive, and construction.
p.128
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How is self-healing paint utilized in aerospace?
For coating aircraft surfaces.
p.81
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What are nanomaterials?
Materials with structures at the nanoscale, typically between 1 to 100 nanometers.
p.45
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are natural polymers?
Polymers that occur naturally in plants and animals, such as DNA, latex, and cellulose.
p.122
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are solar modules composed of?
A number of solar cells containing a semiconductor material.
p.60
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does the strength of concrete relate to its modulus of elasticity?
The strength of concrete depends on the relative proportion and modulus of elasticity of the aggregate.
p.86
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is Waspaloy primarily used for?
High-temperature applications in aerospace.
p.29
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is one of tin's conductive properties?
Good transmission of heat or electricity.
p.24
Types of Engineering Materials
What are some applications of metallic materials in the cooking industry?
Cooking utensils and food containers.
p.134
Types of Engineering Materials
What should you do to explore more information on engineering materials?
Refer to books, websites, or other references.
p.14
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is the manufacturing process of cast iron?
Reheating pig iron and blending it with carbon and other alloys.
p.123
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the maintenance requirement for photovoltaic materials?
They require little maintenance or intervention.
p.109
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are Smart Materials?
Materials designed to have properties that can be significantly changed by external stimuli.
p.47
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is one environmental concern associated with synthetic polymers?
Their non-biodegradability can lead to pollution.
p.52
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a key characteristic of ceramics in terms of fracture toughness?
Ceramics have lower fracture toughness than metals.
p.127
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How does self-healing paint affect the service life of materials?
It prolongs the service life of the materials.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the significance of ductility in metallic materials?
It allows metals to be drawn into wires.
p.56
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does the quality of aggregates affect concrete?
The quality of aggregates influences the strength, durability, and workability of concrete.
p.111
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are photochromic materials?
Materials that change color in response to light exposure.
p.77
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a purpose of engineering nanomaterials?
To perform a specialized function.
p.29
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is a notable physical property of tin?
It has a low melting point.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is alloy steel?
Steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in amounts between 0.1% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.
p.39
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does timber relate to environmental concerns?
Timber is environmentally compatible.
p.80
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is one environmental application of nanomaterials?
They can be used for water purification and pollution remediation.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is a non-ferrous metal?
A metal that does not contain iron.
p.97
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What characterizes a flake composite?
It consists of flat, plate-like particles embedded in a matrix.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the coefficient of thermal expansion indicate in concrete?
It measures how much concrete expands or contracts with temperature changes.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is HSLA steel?
High-strength Low Alloy Steel.
p.37
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
Why is timber considered one of the oldest structural materials?
Because it has been used by man for a long time in construction and engineering.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
List some applications of low carbon steel.
Rivets, rod, steel sheet, plate, steel structure, wires.
p.9
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
In what applications are ferrous metals commonly used?
Building constructions, tools, vehicle engines, pipelines, containers, automobiles, and cutlery.
p.46
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are synthetic polymers?
Man-made materials created through chemical processes, often used in various applications.
p.56
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What role does cement play in concrete?
Cement acts as a binder that holds the aggregates together.
p.133
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How are shape memory alloys used in civil engineering?
To dampen vibrations in bridge structures.
p.109
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What external stimuli can affect Smart Materials?
Stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
p.6
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is a ferrous metal?
A metal that contains iron.
p.128
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one application of self-healing paint in the automotive industry?
Coating for cars and vehicles.
p.129
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the primary characteristic of Shape-Memory Alloys?
They can be deformed when cold and revert to their original shape upon heating.
p.6
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is iron?
A primary ferrous metal known for its strength and malleability.
p.61
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is drying shrinkage in concrete?
The contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the loss of capillary water.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the typical density range for metallic materials?
Metals generally have high density compared to non-metals.
p.6
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the common characteristics of steel?
Steel is strong, durable, and can be alloyed with other elements to enhance properties.
p.93
Applications of Composites in Engineering
In what industries are fibrous composites commonly used?
Aerospace, automotive, and construction industries.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is one application of composite materials in internal combustion engines?
Used in various engine components.
p.69
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is an N-type semiconductor?
Silicon doped with extra electrons from pentavalent atoms like Antimony, Phosphorus, or Arsenic.
p.95
Applications of Composites in Engineering
Name one type of particulate reinforced composite.
Particulate Reinforced Composite.
p.74
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What types of materials are included in advanced materials?
Ceramics, high value-added metals, electronic materials, composites, polymers, and biomaterials.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a key benefit of Polymer Matrix Composites?
They are lightweight and have good corrosion resistance.
p.66
Types of Engineering Materials
What are extrinsic semiconductors?
Semiconductors that have been doped with impurities.
p.79
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How are carbon nanotubes used in baseball bats?
They make the bats lighter.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the modulus of elasticity in concrete?
It is a measure of concrete's stiffness or resistance to deformation.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is workability in concrete?
The ability of concrete to fill up the empty spaces between reinforcement.
p.76
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
Give an example of an application of advanced materials.
Aerospace components, medical devices, or electronics.
p.39
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is one characteristic of timber related to fabrication?
Simplicity in fabrication.
p.90
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are some common applications of advanced materials?
Aerospace, automotive, electronics, and medical devices.
p.60
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the coefficient of thermal expansion in concrete refer to?
The expansion or contraction of concrete elements due to temperature changes.
p.56
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What types of aggregates are commonly used in concrete?
Sand and gravel or crushed stone.
p.117
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are thermochromic inks or dyes?
Temperature-sensitive compounds that temporarily change color with exposure to heat.
p.45
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is latex?
A natural polymer obtained from rubber trees, used in various products.
p.131
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) used for?
They can be lightweight, solid-state alternatives to conventional actuators like hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems.
p.93
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What types of fibers are commonly used in fibrous composites?
Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers.
p.53
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a key characteristic of polymers?
They are typically lightweight and can be molded into various shapes.
p.93
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the advantages of using fibrous composites?
High strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility.
p.111
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do photochromic materials work?
They undergo a reversible chemical reaction when exposed to UV light.
p.128
Smart Materials and Their Functions
Where can self-healing paint be applied in industrial settings?
On structural steel surfaces.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is ductility in metals?
The ability to be stretched into wires.
p.122
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the role of photovoltaic modules?
Used for power generation in grid-connected systems.
p.101
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are fibrous composites?
Materials made from a matrix and reinforcing fibers.
p.130
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do shape memory alloys work?
They undergo a phase transformation that allows them to 'remember' their original shape.
p.44
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
Name three examples of synthetic polymers.
Nylon, polyester, and Teflon.
p.70
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a hole in the context of semiconductors?
A vacancy left when electrons jump.
p.125
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How does self-healing paint work?
It contains microcapsules that release healing agents when the paint is scratched or damaged.
p.79
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is the role of antimicrobial nanotechnology in sports towels and mats?
It prevents illnesses caused by bacteria.
p.126
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do Self-Healing Paints and Coatings repair damages?
By using various technologies and mechanisms in an autonomic or semi-autonomic way.
p.70
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What type of atoms are used to dope silicon in P-type semiconductors?
Trivalent atoms such as Boron, Gallium, and Indium.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How do non-metallic materials typically compare to metals in terms of weight?
They are usually lighter than metals.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are photochromic materials?
Materials that change color in response to light exposure.
p.26
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What types of products can be made using die-casting alloys?
Automotive parts, building hardware, padlocks, and toys.
p.99
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are laminated composites?
Materials made by stacking layers of different materials to enhance properties.
p.50
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
Can ceramics be reshaped easily?
No, except for glasses, ceramics usually cannot be reshaped easily.
p.118
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key feature of thermochromic thermometers?
They are reversible and can be repeated many times.
p.109
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is another name for Smart Materials?
Intelligent or responsive materials.
p.93
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the role of the matrix in fibrous composites?
To bind the fibers together and transfer loads between them.
p.60
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What factors influence the thermal expansion of concrete?
The compositions of the mix and the coefficient of expansion of cement paste and aggregate.
p.77
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What types of materials can nanomaterials be made from?
Metals, ceramics, polymers, or composite materials.
p.37
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is timber?
Timber denotes wood suitable for building, carpentry, and various engineering purposes.
p.64
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is extrinsic material in the context of semiconductors?
A type of semiconductor that has been doped with impurities to enhance its conductivity.
p.128
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a military application of self-healing paint?
Defence and military equipment.
p.131
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are the two most prevalent Shape Memory Alloys?
Copper-Aluminium-Nickel and Nickel-Titanium (NiTi or Nitinol).
p.53
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How do composites differ from pure materials?
Composites combine two or more materials to achieve superior properties.
p.130
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a shape memory alloy?
A smart material that can return to a predetermined shape when heated.
p.67
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is another name for an intrinsic semiconductor?
Undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How can nanomaterials be customized?
They can be tailored according to desired requirements for specific applications.
p.57
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the ratio of concrete ingredients typically measured by?
By ratio of weight or by ratio of volume.
p.73
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are advanced materials?
Materials that have superior properties and performance compared to traditional materials.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What role do composites play in thermal control?
They help manage heat dissipation.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a significant characteristic of Ceramic Matrix Composites?
They can withstand high temperatures and have excellent wear resistance.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
How do metals typically respond to heat?
They expand when heated and contract when cooled.
p.22
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
How do non-ferrous metals rank in terms of fabrication?
They have ease of fabrication, including machinability, casting, and welding.
p.27
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What happens when copper is alloyed?
The alloys are harder, stronger, and tougher than pure copper.
p.101
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What types of fibers are commonly used in fibrous composites?
Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers.
p.125
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are the benefits of using self-healing paint?
Increased durability and reduced maintenance costs.
p.127
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one advantage of self-healing paint?
Minimizing the production cost of various industrial processes required for repairing damage.
p.45
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is DNA?
A molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
p.85
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What are examples of secondary phase precipitates in superalloys?
Gamma prime and carbides.
p.105
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the focus of the article by R. Martin & D. Evans in JOM?
The use of composites in military aircraft.
p.92
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the two categories of constituent materials in composite materials?
Matrix and reinforcement.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)?
Composites that consist of a metal matrix reinforced with other materials.
p.67
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is an intrinsic semiconductor?
A pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present.
p.95
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the three types of matrix constituents in the first level of composite classification?
Polymer Matrix Composite (PMCs), Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs), and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMCs).
p.52
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a significant drawback of ceramics regarding their structural integrity?
Ceramics are very brittle.
p.110
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are Photovoltaics materials?
Materials that convert sunlight into electricity.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is workability in concrete?
It refers to consistency, manoeuvrability, and compactibility.
p.61
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
When does drying shrinkage occur in concrete?
Before the concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.
p.66
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the process of doping in semiconductors?
Introducing impurities to modify electrical properties.
p.29
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
Why is tin rarely used as a pure metal?
Because it is very soft and is usually combined with other metals to make alloys.
p.87
Super Alloys and Their Uses
How do super alloys perform in terms of surface stability?
They have good surface stability.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the significance of metallic bonding?
It allows for the free movement of electrons, contributing to conductivity.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a common characteristic of non-metallic materials?
They are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.
p.95
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the four forms of matrix constituents in the second level of composite classification?
Particulate Reinforced Composite, Flake Composite, Fiber-reinforced Composite, and Laminated Composite.
p.120
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a common application of smart materials?
In sensors and actuators for various engineering applications.
p.81
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is one benefit of using nanomaterials in energy applications?
They can enhance the efficiency of solar cells and batteries.
p.124
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are standalone systems that utilize photovoltaic materials?
Solar lamps and emergency telephones.
p.54
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the main components of concrete?
Water, aggregate, and cement.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What are the common characteristics of aluminium?
Aluminium is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and has good thermal conductivity.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is zinc?
A non-ferrous metal often used for galvanizing steel to prevent rust.
p.130
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are the two main phases of shape memory alloys?
Austenite and martensite.
p.109
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do Smart Materials respond to external stimuli?
By significantly changing one or more of their properties in a controlled fashion.
p.52
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How do ceramics perform in terms of electrical and thermal conductivity?
Ceramics have low electrical and thermal conductivity.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)?
Composites made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers or other materials.
p.115
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a common application of smart materials?
Used in sensors and actuators for various engineering applications.
p.97
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a particulate composite?
A composite material made from particles of one material embedded in a matrix of another.
p.95
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the second level of classification for composites based on?
Matrix constituent forms.
p.87
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What type of deformation do super alloys resist effectively?
Thermal creep deformation.
p.81
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
In which fields are nanomaterials commonly used?
Electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental applications.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How are composite materials utilized in machine components?
They enhance strength and reduce weight.
p.126
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What surfaces can Self-Healing Paints and Coatings be applied to?
Metal, wood, concrete, composite, and textile surfaces.
p.86
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What are Haynes alloys known for?
Their high strength and corrosion resistance.
p.83
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the primary characteristic of advanced materials?
They exhibit superior properties compared to traditional materials.
p.27
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
How can copper be joined without corrosion problems?
It can be easily soldered, brazed, and welded.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
List some applications of alloy steel.
Pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators, and electric motors.
p.130
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a common application of shape memory alloys?
Used in medical devices, such as stents and guidewires.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the primary characteristic of metallic materials?
They are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
p.78
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
In which fields are nanomaterials commonly used?
Electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental applications.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is self-healing paint?
A smart material that can repair itself when damaged.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is tool steel?
A type of alloy steel used for making tools due to its hardness and resistance to abrasion.
p.22
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is a notable property of non-ferrous metals related to electricity?
Great electrical conductivity.
p.54
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What happens when the ingredients of concrete are mixed together?
They form a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape.
p.89
Super Alloys and Their Uses
How are superalloys utilized in nuclear reactors?
They are used for components that require high strength and resistance to extreme conditions.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is photovoltaic material?
A material that converts light into electricity.
p.45
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is cellulose?
A natural polymer that forms the structural component of plant cell walls.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the primary characteristic of metallic materials?
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
p.90
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a key benefit of using smart materials?
They can respond to environmental changes, such as temperature or pressure.
p.39
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What types of resistance does timber have?
Resistance to oxidation, acid attack, and salt water.
p.61
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What effect does drying shrinkage have on concrete?
It causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection.
p.66
Types of Engineering Materials
What are intrinsic semiconductors?
Pure semiconductor materials without any impurities.
p.37
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does wood differ from synthetic polymers?
Wood has very different properties from synthetic polymers with which it is often combined.
p.121
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are photovoltaics materials primarily used for?
To convert sunlight into electricity.
p.120
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are smart materials?
Materials that can respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, or electric fields.
p.81
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How can nanomaterials improve drug delivery?
By enabling targeted delivery and controlled release of medications.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one advantage of smart materials?
They can adapt to changing conditions, enhancing functionality.
p.69
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are free electrons?
Electrons that have jumped from the covalent bonds.
p.101
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the role of the matrix in fibrous composites?
To bind the fibers together and transfer loads.
p.41
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a non-metallic material?
Materials that do not exhibit the properties of metals, often including polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is drying shrinkage in concrete?
It refers to the reduction in volume as concrete dries and matures.
p.121
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do smart materials differ from traditional materials?
Smart materials can change their properties in response to environmental changes.
p.73
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is an example of a nanomaterial?
Materials engineered at the nanoscale, such as carbon nanotubes.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
Why is durability important in concrete?
It ensures the material can withstand environmental conditions and loads over time.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a characteristic of concrete workability related to wetness?
It is a measure of wetness and flow ability of concrete.
p.101
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are the advantages of using fibrous composites?
High strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility.
p.89
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What role do superalloys play in the chemical processing industry?
They are used in various applications within the industry.
p.132
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do shape memory alloys perform in terms of elasticity?
They exhibit good elasticity.
p.125
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key characteristic of smart materials like self-healing paint?
Their ability to respond to environmental changes or damage.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does compactability refer to in concrete workability?
The ability of concrete mix to be fully compacted.
p.111
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a common application of photochromic materials?
In sunglasses that darken in sunlight.
p.74
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are advanced materials?
Materials with engineered properties created through specialized processing and synthesis technology.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are non-metallic materials?
Materials that do not exhibit metallic properties, often including polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.124
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one application of photovoltaic materials in power generation?
Rooftop and building integrated systems.
p.37
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some common uses of timber?
Furniture, permanent and temporary structures, struts, formwork, and finishing material.
p.121
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key characteristic of smart materials?
They can respond to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or pressure.
p.29
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What can tin be forged and hammered into?
Very thin and fine sheets and wires.
p.74
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the significance of processing and synthesis technology in advanced materials?
It allows for the creation of materials with engineered properties.
p.97
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What defines a laminated composite?
It is made of layers of materials bonded together to enhance properties.
p.113
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What type of protection do photochromic materials provide?
Protection against harmful UV rays.
p.120
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do shape memory alloys function?
They can return to a predetermined shape when heated after being deformed.
p.41
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some common types of non-metallic materials?
Polymers, ceramics, and composites.
p.24
Types of Engineering Materials
Which industry uses metallic materials for aeronautics?
The aeronautics industry.
p.120
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is piezoelectricity in smart materials?
The ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress.
p.2
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the function of self-healing paint?
It can repair itself when damaged.
p.125
Smart Materials and Their Functions
In what applications can self-healing paint be used?
Automotive, aerospace, and building industries.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How do nanomaterials improve electronic circuit construction?
They increase the accuracy of construction on an atomic level.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
Name a mechanical component that utilizes composite materials.
Brakes, drive shafts, flywheels, tanks, or pressure vessels.
p.2
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key feature of thermochromic materials?
They change color in response to temperature changes.
p.54
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What type of material does concrete become after curing?
A durable stone-like material.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How do polymers typically finish in terms of surface quality?
They have excellent surface finishing.
p.94
Applications of Composites in Engineering
In what applications are particulate composites commonly used?
In automotive, aerospace, and construction industries.
p.115
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do smart materials differ from traditional materials?
They have the ability to change their properties in response to external stimuli.
p.75
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What do advanced materials improve?
Physical properties such as weight, strength, malleability, conductivity, corrosion resistance, and durability.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are smart materials?
Materials that can respond to external stimuli in a predictable manner.
p.75
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
In which fields are advanced materials commonly used?
Manufacturing industries and the medical field.
p.97
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a fiber reinforced composite?
A composite that uses fibers to improve strength and stiffness.
p.115
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the significance of piezoelectric materials in smart technology?
They generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress.
p.126
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What happens at the microscopic level when a scratch or crack occurs in paints and coatings?
A rupture or tear occurs in the polymeric chain.
p.23
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What type of conductivity does aluminium exhibit?
It is a good heat and electrical conductor.
p.24
Types of Engineering Materials
What role do metallic materials play in construction?
They are used in various construction applications.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are some examples of non-metallic materials?
Plastics, glass, rubber, and ceramics.
p.86
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What are TMS alloys used for?
High-performance applications in gas turbines.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What is maraging steel?
A type of alloy steel known for its high strength and toughness.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How are composites applied in train manufacturing?
For lightweight and durable components.
p.41
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a key characteristic of polymers?
They are typically lightweight and can be molded into various shapes.
p.41
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are ceramics known for?
Their hardness, brittleness, and resistance to heat and corrosion.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is a common application of metallic materials?
Construction, automotive, and aerospace industries.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How do non-metallic materials typically conduct heat?
They have lower heat conductivity than metals.
p.16
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the role of alloying in metallic materials?
Alloying enhances properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
p.113
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a key advantage of photochromic materials regarding environmental changes?
They adapt to environmental changes such as indoor, outdoor, high, or low brightness.
p.69
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the 'N' in N-type semiconductor stand for?
'N' stands for negative, which is the charge of an electron.
p.125
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is self-healing paint?
A type of smart material that can repair itself after damage.
p.87
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is a significant advantage of super alloys regarding corrosion?
They exhibit superior resistance to corrosion or oxidation.
p.57
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the typical ratio of cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate in concrete?
Examples include 1:2:4, 1:3:6, 1:1.5:3, and 1:4:8.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a Shape Memory Alloy?
A type of smart material that can return to a predetermined shape when heated.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is one application of nanomaterials in energy?
Efficient energy generation.
p.78
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How do nanomaterials benefit medical applications?
They can improve drug delivery systems and enhance imaging techniques.
p.76
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
How do advanced materials contribute to sustainability?
By enabling more efficient use of resources and reducing waste.
p.102
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How do composites perform in terms of deterioration over time?
They have Corrosion Resistance.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the significance of ductility in metals?
It allows metals to be drawn into wires without breaking.
p.73
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are composites?
Materials made from two or more constituent materials with different properties.
p.19
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
Name two types of alloy steel.
Low-Alloy Steel and High-Alloy Steel.
p.96
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the primary advantage of using Metal Matrix Composites?
They offer improved strength and stiffness compared to traditional metals.
p.78
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What are nanomaterials?
Materials with structures at the nanoscale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What are the common characteristics of non-ferrous metals?
They are generally resistant to corrosion, lighter than ferrous metals, and have good conductivity.
p.22
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is a key characteristic of non-ferrous metals regarding corrosion?
High corrosion resistance.
p.113
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How do photochromic materials enhance comfort?
They reduce eyestrain and glare in the sun.
p.121
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the role of semiconductors in photovoltaics?
They are essential for the absorption of sunlight and generation of electric current.
p.83
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
Give an example of an application of advanced materials.
Aerospace components, where lightweight and high-strength materials are crucial.
p.76
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are some benefits of using advanced materials?
Increased strength, reduced weight, improved durability, and enhanced performance.
p.113
Smart Materials and Their Functions
In what variety are photochromic materials available?
They are available in different colours.
p.57
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How does a lower water-cement ratio affect concrete?
It leads to higher strength and durability but may make the mix more difficult to place.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What property makes metals malleable?
The ability of metal atoms to slide over each other without breaking bonds.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is tin?
A non-ferrous metal known for its malleability and resistance to corrosion.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a non-metallic material?
A material that does not exhibit metallic properties, often used in various applications.
p.54
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does cement form over time in concrete?
A hard matrix that binds the ingredients together.
p.92
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What materials can be used as a composite matrix?
Polymer, ceramic, metal, or carbon.
p.70
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the 'P' in P-type semiconductor stand for?
'P' stands for positive, which is the charge of a hole.
p.76
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the primary characteristic of advanced materials?
They exhibit superior properties compared to conventional materials.
p.124
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How can photovoltaic materials contribute to rural areas?
Through rural electrification.
p.78
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a key characteristic of nanomaterials?
They exhibit unique physical and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
p.6
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is copper?
A non-ferrous metal known for its excellent electrical conductivity.
p.66
Types of Engineering Materials
What are N-type semiconductors?
Semiconductors doped with elements that have extra electrons.
p.89
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is one application of superalloys in the aerospace industry?
Turbine blades and jet/rocket engines.
p.66
Types of Engineering Materials
What are P-type semiconductors?
Semiconductors doped with elements that create holes (positive charge carriers).
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the typical tensile strength of metals?
Metals generally have high tensile strength.
p.54
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the purpose of additives and reinforcements in concrete?
To achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material.
p.126
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the primary function of Self-Healing Paints and Coatings?
To bring self-healing or repairing functions to various surfaces.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is one advantage of using non-metallic materials in engineering?
They often have excellent corrosion resistance.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the role of alloying in metallic materials?
Alloying improves properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
p.79
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is the function of self-cleaning surfaces using nanotechnology?
A sealed film of water removes dirt, cleaning the surface.
p.102
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How do composites perform under high temperatures?
They have Heat Resistance.
p.2
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What are nanomaterials known for?
Their unique properties at the nanoscale, which can differ significantly from bulk materials.
p.102
Applications of Composites in Engineering
How do composites compare to metals in terms of weight?
They are Lighter Weight Than Metal.
p.131
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What other metals can be alloyed to create Shape Memory Alloys?
Zinc, copper, gold, and iron.
p.27
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What are the thermal and electrical properties of copper?
It is a good heat and electrical conductor.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the mechanical properties of low carbon steel?
Low hardness, ductile and easy to shape.
p.42
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
Can structural polymers be used for load-bearing components?
Yes, for applications where the temperature is moderately high.
p.86
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is Incoloy primarily used for?
Corrosion-resistant applications.
p.34
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are non-metals?
Substances that do not conduct heat or electricity.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does workability determine in concrete?
Its ability to be placed, compacted, and finished.
p.22
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is a notable property of non-ferrous metals related to heat?
Great thermal conductivity.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What are some common examples of metallic materials?
Iron, aluminum, copper, and steel.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How do polymers perform in terms of corrosion?
They have high corrosion resistance.
p.124
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a notable spacecraft application of photovoltaic materials?
International Space Station.
p.73
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What are super alloys used for?
High-performance applications, especially in extreme environments like aerospace.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does consistency refer to in concrete workability?
The ability of concrete mix to flow and fill in the mould with ease.
p.108
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is a thermochromic thermometer?
A device that changes color in response to temperature changes.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is a significant physical characteristic of nanomaterials?
They have a large surface-to-volume ratio.
p.41
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
Why are non-metallic materials important in engineering?
They offer unique properties such as lightweight, corrosion resistance, and flexibility.
p.132
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How easy is it to fabricate shape memory alloys?
They are easy to fabricate.
p.132
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is the power-to-weight ratio like for shape memory alloys?
They have a high power/weight ratio.
p.73
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is one advantage of advanced materials?
They often provide enhanced performance, durability, and efficiency.
p.130
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What triggers the shape recovery in shape memory alloys?
An increase in temperature.
p.83
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What role do advanced materials play in technology?
They enable the development of innovative technologies and improve performance.
p.94
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are particulate composites?
Materials made by combining a matrix with particulate materials.
p.94
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is the role of the matrix in particulate composites?
To bind the particulate materials together and provide structural integrity.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
List some applications of medium carbon steel.
Gears, mold block, spring, chisel, screwdriver, wrench, hammer.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the significance of a low coefficient of thermal expansion in concrete?
It minimizes the risk of cracking due to temperature changes.
p.41
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is a composite material?
A material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are the characteristics of non-metallic materials?
Electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, and melting point.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is a common use of aluminum in engineering?
It is used in aircraft and automotive applications due to its lightweight and strength.
p.44
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What are natural polymers?
Polymers that occur in nature and can be extracted.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
In what way are composite materials used in electronic packaging?
To provide insulation and structural support.
p.57
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What does the water-cement ratio represent?
The ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix.
p.86
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What is unique about CMSX single crystal alloys?
They provide superior mechanical properties at high temperatures.
p.82
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
Why are nanomaterials considered cost-effective?
They provide advantages that can reduce overall costs in applications.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel?
Stronger and tougher than low carbon steel.
p.78
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is one environmental application of nanomaterials?
They can be used for water purification and pollutant removal.
p.36
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
In what applications are non-metallic materials commonly used?
In packaging, construction, and electronics.
p.73
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What defines smart materials?
Materials that can respond to external stimuli, such as temperature or pressure.
p.27
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
What is cupro nickel?
An alloy of Copper and Nickel.
p.22
Non-Ferrous Metals Overview
Are non-ferrous metals generally magnetic?
Mostly non-magnetic, excluding Nickel and Cobalt.
p.94
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are some advantages of using particulate composites?
Improved mechanical properties, reduced weight, and enhanced thermal stability.
p.10
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the effect of impurities in metallic materials?
Impurities can weaken the metal and affect its properties.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
Why are metals generally used in construction?
Due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and durability.
p.132
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What advantage do shape memory alloys provide in accessing the body?
They facilitate access to intricate regions of the body.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
How can you differentiate between various types of non-metallic materials?
By their characteristics such as conductivity, melting point, and physical properties.
p.79
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
How do mobile pigment nanoparticles enhance military uniforms?
They provide camouflage by being injected into the material.
p.121
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What is one application of photovoltaics materials?
Solar panels for renewable energy generation.
p.101
Applications of Composites in Engineering
In what industries are fibrous composites commonly used?
Aerospace, automotive, and construction.
p.89
Super Alloys and Their Uses
Where are superalloys used in industrial gas turbines?
In various components that require high performance and durability.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a disadvantage of polymers regarding strength?
They have poor tensile strength.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What is a limitation of polymers concerning temperature?
They have poor temperature resistance.
p.83
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
How do advanced materials contribute to sustainability?
They can reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency in various applications.
p.58
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a key strength characteristic of concrete?
High compressive strength.
p.120
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What role do smart materials play in adaptive structures?
They allow structures to change their properties in response to environmental changes.
p.2
Smart Materials and Their Functions
What are photochromic materials used for?
They change color in response to light exposure.
p.94
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What types of materials can be used as particulates in composites?
Ceramics, metals, or polymers.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
How does the crystalline structure of metals affect their properties?
It contributes to their strength and ductility.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
What characteristic of polymers contributes to reduced friction?
Low coefficient of friction.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the role of alloying in metallic materials?
Alloying improves properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
p.20
Types of Engineering Materials
What is the impact of temperature on metallic materials?
High temperatures can lead to softening, while low temperatures can increase brittleness.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is concrete classified as?
A non-metallic material commonly used in construction.
p.79
Nanomaterials and Their Benefits
What is the application of carbon nanotubes in aircraft wings?
They join together aerospace-grade composites.
p.106
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What is a key application of composites in aircraft structures?
To reduce weight while maintaining strength.
p.83
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is a common type of advanced material?
Composites, which combine two or more materials to enhance properties.
p.76
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What role do nanomaterials play in advanced materials?
They enhance properties at the molecular level, leading to improved performance.
p.59
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is manoeuvrability in the context of concrete?
The ability of concrete mix to be fully compacted.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
What are the mechanical properties of high carbon steel?
Hardness, toughness, durability, and brittle.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
Why are polymers considered economical?
They are generally low-cost materials.
p.2
Advanced Materials and Their Applications
What is the primary use of photovoltaic materials?
To convert sunlight into electricity.
p.18
Ferrous Metals Characteristics
List some applications of high carbon steel.
Lathe tool bits, milling cutters, files.
p.132
Smart Materials and Their Functions
How can shape memory alloys assist in medical applications?
They can grab tiny foreign objects for removal from the body.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a semiconductor?
A non-metallic material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is the electrical conductivity of non-metallic materials?
Generally low compared to metallic materials.
p.2
Applications of Composites in Engineering
What are composites?
Materials made from two or more constituent materials with different properties.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a common characteristic of the melting point in non-metallic materials?
They often have a wide range of melting points depending on the material.
p.48
Characteristics of Polymers and Ceramics
How do polymers rank in terms of mechanical properties?
They have low mechanical properties.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What are ceramics?
Non-metallic materials that are typically hard and brittle.
p.2
Super Alloys and Their Uses
What are super alloys typically used for?
In high-temperature applications like jet engines.
p.32
Non-Metallic Materials and Their Properties
What is a polymer?
A type of non-metallic material made of long chains of molecules.
