p.2
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What are the four types of basic tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
p.137
Glandular Epithelium
What is an example of a compound tubular gland in the human body?
Submucosal glands (of Brunner) in the duodenum.
p.28
Epithelium Components
What is the continuous socket-like extracellular structure found in all epithelial tissues called?
Basal lamina or basement membrane.
p.139
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is the salivary gland?
Compound Tubulo-alveolar (Compound tubuloacinar).
What does 'zonula' indicate in the context of tight junctions?
It indicates that the junction forms a band completely encircling each cell.
p.124
Glandular Epithelium
What is an example of a simple tubular gland?
Crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine.
p.138
Glandular Epithelium
What type of structures does a compound tubulo-alveolar gland consist of?
Tubular structures that divide into branches with sac-like dilations or outpocketings surrounding them.
What is a hemidesmosome?
A type of cellular junction that anchors epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
p.78
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found in the body?
Lining the intestines, renal collecting duct, oviduct, and gallbladder.
p.62
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the shape and nucleus characteristics of cuboidal epithelial cells?
Square-shaped with a centered and spherical nucleus.
p.39
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium is found on the outer surface of the cornea?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.130
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is found in the stomach pylorus?
Simple Branched Tubular gland.
p.139
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is the mammary gland?
Compound Tubulo-alveolar (Compound tubuloacinar).
p.41
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is the vascular endothelium located?
Inner lining of blood vessels and the heart.
p.136
Glandular Epithelium
Where are Brunner's Glands found?
In the gastrointestinal tract.
p.108
Glandular Epithelium
How can glandular epithelium be classified?
According to the number of cells, complexity, manner of secretion, mechanism for release of secretory products, nature and characteristic or type of secretion, and morphology or structure.
p.84
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are goblet cells?
Modified columnar cells found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum.
p.62
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the shape and nucleus characteristics of columnar epithelial cells?
Height greater than width with an elongated or oblong-shaped nucleus.
What are tight junctions?
Tight junctions are seen after cryofracture of epithelia, where they appear as a band of branching strands in the membrane around each cell’s apical end.
What are tight or occluding junctions?
A pair of transmembrane proteins fused on the outer plasma membrane.
p.98
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in the light micrograph of the bronchial mucosa?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
p.11
Overview of Epithelium
What is needed to disrupt the junctions between epithelial cells?
Strong mechanical force is needed to disrupt cell junctions.
p.140
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is the pancreatic gland?
Compound Tubulo-alveolar (Compound tubuloacinar).
p.62
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the three basic types of epithelial cells classified by their shape?
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar.
p.39
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelial cells cover the outer surface of the cornea?
Fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells.
p.115
Glandular Epithelium
How are glands classified according to the mechanism for release of secretory products?
According to the mechanism for release of secretory products and the fate of secretory cells during active secretion.
p.128
Glandular Epithelium
What is a simple branched tubular gland?
A simple tubular gland in which the deeper portion of the tubule divides into branches that are lined with secreting cells and open into a superficial portion which serves as a duct.
p.126
Glandular Epithelium
How might a sweat gland appear under a microscope?
As a dark staining series of circles that implies coiling.
p.80
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the purpose of the brush border in the alimentary tract?
To have more contact with the food bolus.
p.118
Glandular Epithelium
What type of secretion is produced by serous glands?
Thin and watery secretion.
p.29
Epithelium Components
What is the appearance of the basal lamina?
A thin, electron-dense, sheet-like layer of fine fibrils.
p.110
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name examples of exocrine glands?
Gastric gland and salivary glands.
p.103
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus.
p.103
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina.
p.103
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protects against abrasion.
p.59
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium in the serous lining of cavities?
Facilitates the movement of the viscera, active transport by pinocytosis, and secretion of biologically active molecules.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the capsule of the lens?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.8
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
How does the shape of connective tissue vary?
It varies depending on where they are found and which spaces they need to fill.
p.64
Types of Epithelial Cells
What happens to the shape of transitional epithelium when the organ is not distended?
The outer layer becomes rounded.
p.57
Overview of Epithelium
What is the function of Covering/Surface/Lining Epithelium?
To cover external surfaces or line cavities of the body.
p.23
Epithelium Components
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying tissues.
p.6
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial tissues, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue.
p.138
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name an example of a compound tubulo-alveolar gland?
Large salivary gland, pancreas, esophageal gland, glands of the respiratory passages, mammary gland.
p.100
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of cilia in the fallopian tube?
To propel the ovum to the uterus.
What does simple cuboidal epithelium typically differentiate to form?
The secretory and duct portions of glands.
p.10
Overview of Epithelium
What is epithelial tissue composed of?
Cells in close apposition over a large portion of their surface with little or no intercellular substances.
p.135
Glandular Epithelium
What is a characteristic of the terminal portions of the smallest tubules in compound tubular glands?
They are more or less coiled tubules, usually branching off at one end point.
What is the primary function of tight junctions?
To restrict the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
What are cell junctions?
Contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells.
p.21
Epithelium Components
What causes the polarity of epithelial cells?
The uneven distribution of organelles and membrane proteins within the cell.
p.20
Epithelium Components
What is the lamina propria?
Connective tissue that underlies the epithelia lining the organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
p.95
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium appears to be stratified due to the placement of the nuclei?
Pseudostratified epithelium.
p.21
Epithelium Components
What is the basal pole of an epithelial cell?
The region of the cell contacting the extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.66
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the Latin etymology of 'squamous' in Simple Squamous Epithelium?
Squāma, meaning scale (resembling fish scales or snake skin).
p.22
Epithelium Components
What are the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells composed of?
Regions of cuboidal or columnar cells that adjoin neighboring cells.
p.78
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in Figure 54?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.141
Glandular Epithelium
Can you give an example of a compound alveolar gland?
Some portions of the mammary gland.
p.88
Types of Epithelial Cells
What does Figure 66 represent?
Diagrammatic representation of stratified epithelium.
p.121
Glandular Epithelium
What are the types of simple glandular epithelium based on morphology?
Simple tubular, Simple coiled tubular, Simple branched tubular, Simple acinar (simple alveolar), Simple branched alveolar (simple branched acinar).
p.101
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is another name for transitional epithelium?
Uro-epithelium or urothelium.
What is the Latin term for 'desmosome'?
'Macula adherens', where 'macula' means spot.
p.70
Types of Epithelial Cells
Where is the nucleus located in simple cuboidal epithelial cells?
In the center of the cell.
p.20
Epithelium Components
What are papillae?
Evaginations that increase the area of contact between two tissues.
p.9
Overview of Epithelium
Where are epithelial tissues found in the body?
They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands.
p.20
Epithelium Components
Where do papillae project from and into?
From the connective tissue into the epithelium.
p.34
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What is notable about the intercellular spaces in epithelial tissue?
It has almost no intercellular spaces.
p.71
Types of Epithelial Cells
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly found?
In secretive tissue and absorptive tissue.
p.100
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is ciliated epithelium found?
In the airways (nose, bronchi), uterus, and fallopian tube.
p.28
Epithelium Components
Where is the basement membrane located in epithelial tissues?
On the basal surface in contact with the underlying connective tissue.
p.41
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is the lymphatic endothelium located?
Lining of lymphatic vessels.
p.133
Glandular Epithelium
What is the structure of a simple branched alveolar/simple branched acinar gland?
A simple alveolar gland with numerous sac-like structures or outpocketings.
p.38
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can mucous/goblet cells be found?
In the small intestine or trachea.
p.89
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What does keratinized (cornified) refer to in stratified squamous epithelium?
The possible formation of calluses on surface epithelia.
p.79
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found in the digestive system?
In the gallbladder lining.
What are the two types of secretory glands?
Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands.
p.89
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the two forms of stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinized (cornified) and non-keratinized (non-cornified).
p.81
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium includes ciliated columnar cells?
Simple Columnar Epithelium.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Location
What does the epithelium line in the human body?
Both the outside and the inside cavities and the lumen of bodies.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelial cells make up the outermost layer of human skin?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial cells.
p.86
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
How are the outer cell layers of stratified squamous epithelium characterized?
They are thin and flattened.
p.123
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple tubular glands be found?
In the alimentary tract, such as gastric glands and intestinal glands.
p.97
Epithelium Components
What structures are involved in the pulsatile beating of cilia?
Cytoskeletal microtubules, connecting structural proteins, and enzymes.
Which type of junction is the most apical in many epithelia?
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens).
p.39
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium is found on the inner surface of the cornea?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.84
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of the mucus secreted by goblet cells?
Acts as a lubricant and serves as a protective element for the alimentary tract.
p.70
Types of Epithelial Cells
What shape do simple cuboidal epithelial cells have?
Cube-like shape and appear square in cross-section.
p.84
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where are goblet cells located?
Between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum.
p.31
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What is required to separate epithelial cells?
Relatively strong mechanical forces.
p.69
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the structure of Simple Squamous Epithelium?
A single layer of flattened cells.
p.16
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What function do sensory receptors in the skin serve?
They help us react to stimuli.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the primary function of the lower layer of epithelium?
To serve as a protective covering.
p.116
Glandular Epithelium
What is the mechanism of secretion in holocrine glands?
Release of the whole cell into the excretory ducts.
p.77
Types of Epithelial Cells
Where are the nuclei usually located in columnar epithelial cells?
Near the base of the cells.
p.34
Epithelium Components
What separates epithelia from underlying tissues?
An extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
p.3
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What are the subtopics under 'Classification & Distribution of Epithelial Tissues'?
Overview, Covering/Surface/Lining, Types of Epithelia, Summary.
p.63
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
How is epithelial tissue further classified according to the number of cell layers?
Simple, Stratified, and Pseudostratified.
p.24
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the three main shapes of epithelial cells?
Columnar, cuboidal, and squamous.
p.134
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is the Meibomian gland of the eyelids?
Simple branched alveolar/Simple branched acinar.
p.58
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
How are epithelial tissues generally classified?
By the number of their layers and the shape and function of the cells.
p.107
Glandular Epithelium
What does glandular epithelium form?
Glands which secrete substances and fluids.
p.99
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of the wafting effect in pseudostratified epithelium?
It causes mucus from goblet cells to lubricate and trap pathogens and particles to eventually move them out of the body.
p.96
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium is found in the upper respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
p.97
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium is found in the upper respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
p.123
Glandular Epithelium
What is a simple tubular gland?
A gland consisting of simple epithelium lined tubules which open to the surface and run in a straight course.
p.141
Glandular Epithelium
What is the structure of a compound alveolar gland composed of?
Sac-like structures that branch and divide into numerous dilated segments.
p.62
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the shape and nucleus characteristic of squamous epithelial cells?
Flat with a flattened nucleus.
p.97
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of cilia in pseudostratified epithelial cells?
They are capable of energy-dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction.
p.133
Glandular Epithelium
What is an example of a simple branched alveolar/simple branched acinar gland?
Large sebaceous gland of skin, Meibomian gland of eyelids.
p.88
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in Figure 65?
Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis).
p.132
Glandular Epithelium
What type of gland is a Simple Acinar (Simple Alveolar) gland?
A gland with a sac-like structure.
p.125
Glandular Epithelium
What is the characteristic feature of the deeper portion of a simple coiled tubular gland?
It is coiled or convoluted.
p.32
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
How do epithelial tissues receive nutrition?
Through diffusion or osmosis from the blood vessels in the basal lamina of underlying layers.
p.79
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found in the renal system?
In the renal collecting duct.
p.115
Glandular Epithelium
What is an apocrine gland?
A gland where the product, together with a bit of apical cytoplasm enclosed in a small plasma membrane, is extruded and lost from the secretory cell.
p.27
Epithelium Components
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries.
p.112
Glandular Epithelium
How do paracrine glands release their products?
Directly into the extracellular space, then to target cells through simple diffusion.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the characteristic of the upper layer of epithelium?
It is a single layer of cells (simple).
p.71
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is an example of an absorptive tissue where simple cuboidal epithelium is found?
Lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
p.78
Epithelium Components
What types of cells are present in the oviduct lining?
Both secretory and ciliated cells.
p.89
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is lined by more than one layer of cells with the outermost layer composed of flattened cells?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
p.83
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is indicated by a single-layered non-ciliated columnar structure?
Single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium.
p.117
Glandular Epithelium
What are the three types of glands shown in Figure 84?
Merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine glands.
p.121
Glandular Epithelium
What are the types of compound glandular epithelium based on morphology?
Compound tubular, Compound tubulo-alveolar (compound tubulo-acinar), Compound alveolar.
p.92
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?
Mouth/Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Vagina, Anal canal, Outer covering of the cornea.
p.9
Overview of Epithelium
What are the two types of epithelia?
Lining epithelium and glandular epithelium.
What contact do cellular junctions provide?
Contact between neighboring cells and between a cell and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.95
Types of Epithelial Cells
Why does pseudostratified epithelium appear stratified?
Because the nuclei appear at different heights.
p.21
Epithelium Components
What is the apical pole of an epithelial cell?
The end of the cell opposite the basal pole, usually facing a space.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium lines the inside of the mouth?
Non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
p.94
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified columnar epithelium commonly found?
In lobar ducts in the salivary glands.
p.20
Epithelium Components
In which epithelial tissues do papillae mostly occur?
In epithelial tissues subject to friction, such as the covering of the skin or tongue.
p.15
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What is keratinization/cornification?
The process of callus formation.
p.61
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can pseudostratified epithelium be found?
Lining of trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity.
p.109
Glandular Epithelium
How are glands classified according to complexity?
Simple glands (unbranched) and compound glands (branched).
What is the function of adherens junctions in epithelial cells?
They are points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium.
p.119
Glandular Epithelium
What type of cells compose a mucous gland?
Mucous cells like goblet cells.
p.119
Glandular Epithelium
What do goblet cells contain that becomes mucus when hydrated?
Heavily glycosylated proteins called mucins.
p.8
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What is the primary role of connective tissue?
To act as 'space-fillers'.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the pigment epithelium of the retina?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.64
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of cells are visible in transitional epithelium when there is no urine in the sample?
Umbrella or dome-shaped cells.
p.67
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the shape of squamous cells in simple squamous epithelium?
Thin and horizontally flattened.
p.135
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name an example of a compound tubular gland?
Pure mucous gland of oral cavity, cardiac glands of stomach, some Brunner’s glands, bulbourethral glands, renal tubules.
p.87
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
How do cells change as they become more apical in stratified epithelium?
Cells flatten as they become more apical.
p.73
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
Can the transport facilitated by cuboidal cells be active or passive?
Yes, it can be either active or passive depending on their location and specialization.
p.77
Types of Epithelial Cells
What shape are columnar epithelial cells?
Elongated and column-shaped.
What are the five different types of cell junctions?
Tight junction, Adherent/Adherens junction, Desmosome, Hemidesmosome, Gap junction.
p.87
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
On what basis is the classification of stratified epithelium determined?
The shape of the cells on the outermost layer of the epithelium.
What do the integrins in hemidesmosomes primarily bind to?
Laminin molecules present in the basal lamina.
What proteins form adherens junctions?
Interacting proteins of the cadherin family.
p.26
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Does epithelial tissue have a blood supply?
<p>No, epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply. They are avascular.</p>
p.116
Glandular Epithelium
What happens to the whole cell during holocrine secretion?
The whole cell is destroyed after secretion.
p.65
Types of Epithelial Cells
Can both types of epithelial layering be made up of any cell shapes?
Yes, both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the germinal epithelium of the female ovary?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.111
Glandular Epithelium
How do endocrine glands release their secreted hormones?
Through blood (nearby capillaries), interstitial fluid, or lymph systems.
p.111
Glandular Epithelium
Where do the secreted hormones from endocrine glands act?
On receptors of target cells in another part of the body.
p.64
Types of Epithelial Cells
What causes the number of layers in transitional epithelium to change?
The distension of the organ.
p.59
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the intestine and gallbladder?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.112
Glandular Epithelium
What are examples of paracrine glands?
Paraneurons and Merkel’s cell.
p.87
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What shapes can cells take in the most basal layers of stratified epithelium?
Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
What are the main types of cellular junctions?
Tight or Occluding Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Desmosome, Hemidesmosome, Gap/Communication Junctions.
What barrier do cellular junctions build up in epithelia?
The paracellular barrier.
p.66
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the microscopic appearance of Simple Squamous Epithelium?
The cells fit closely together, providing a smooth, low-friction surface.
p.22
Epithelium Components
What feature of the lateral surfaces increases their area and functional capacity?
Numerous folds in the cell membranes.
p.42
Epithelial Tissue Location
What is mesothelium?
A specialized form of epithelium.
p.76
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium in the body?
In the epithelium of the intestines and gallbladder.
p.104
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch.
p.22
Epithelium Components
What function does the basement membrane serve for epithelial cells?
It acts as a semipermeable filter for substances reaching epithelial cells from below.
p.42
Epithelial Tissue Location
What is the function of serous fluid in relation to mesothelium?
It lubricates and cushions the organs.
What do catenins link to in adherens junctions?
Actin filaments in actin-binding proteins.
p.120
Glandular Epithelium
What is an example of a mixed gland?
Tracheal gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules in the testes?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.90
Epithelial Tissue Location
Which part of the body is represented by the stratified squamous epithelium in the esophageal lining?
The lining of the esophagus.
p.90
Epithelial Tissue Location
Which part of the body is represented by the stratified squamous epithelium in the outer covering of the cornea?
The outer covering of the cornea.
p.114
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name examples of apocrine glands?
Mammary gland (lipid droplets) and apocrine sweat glands (armpit).
p.64
Types of Epithelial Cells
What makes transitional epithelium distinct in terms of cell shapes?
The shapes of cells differ, making it transitional.
What are secretory vesicles?
Small membrane-bounded vesicles where substances are generally stored in glandular epithelium cells.
p.13
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What type of structures often have cilia?
Structures that need movement.
p.81
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of ciliated columnar cells?
To move mucus in the function for mucociliary clearance.
What does 'TJ' stand for in the context of cellular junctions?
'TJ' stands for tight junctions.
p.113
Glandular Epithelium
What happens to the cells of merocrine glands after secretion?
Cells remain intact after secretion.
p.34
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelial tissue cells arranged?
They are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
p.73
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple cuboidal cells be found in the body?
In the tubules of the kidney.
p.77
Types of Epithelial Cells
How does the height of columnar epithelial cells compare to their width?
Their height is at least four times their width.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found in the gut?
In the gut, containing goblet cells which secrete mucus and glands that secrete substances.
p.95
Types of Epithelial Cells
Are all cells in pseudostratified epithelium attached to the basal lamina?
Yes, all cells are attached to the basal lamina.
What forms the channels in gap junctions that allow passage of small molecules?
Hexameric complexes of transmembrane connexons formed from connexins in each cell.
What is the function of hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells?
Attaching the epithelial cells to the basement membrane on the basal epithelial surface.
p.94
Epithelial Tissue Location
Name two specific locations where stratified columnar epithelium can be found.
Parts of the epiglottis and penile urethra.
p.116
Glandular Epithelium
What processes are involved in holocrine secretion?
Product accumulation, cell enlargement, terminal differentiation, and complete cell disruption.
p.75
Epithelium Components
What are interfollicular cells in simple cuboidal epithelium?
Cells located between the follicles.
p.110
Glandular Epithelium
Do exocrine glands remain connected with the surface epithelium?
Yes, they remain connected with the surface epithelium.
p.103
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
Ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract.
p.18
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
From which germ layers can epithelial tissues be derived?
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
p.106
Glandular Epithelium
What type of substances can glandular epithelium synthesize, store, and secrete?
Proteins, lipids, complexes of carbohydrates and proteins, complexes of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and water and electrolytes.
p.114
Glandular Epithelium
What happens to the apical cytoplasm and plasma membrane during secretion in apocrine glands?
They are extruded along with the secretory product.
p.56
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
What is the role of cellular junctions in epithelial tissue?
They help maintain the integrity and function of the tissue by connecting adjacent cells.
p.56
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
To provide support and anchor the epithelial cells.
p.73
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What role do cuboidal cells play in material transport?
They facilitate the transport of materials in or out of the lumen.
p.81
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where else can ciliated cells be found besides the mucociliary clearance system?
In the fallopian tube and the central canal of the spinal cord.
p.34
Types of Epithelial Cells
What shapes can epithelial tissue cells adopt?
Shapes of varying complexity.
p.83
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium be found?
Lining epithelium of the alimentary tract.
p.79
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium lines the small intestines?
Simple columnar epithelium.
What does 'MV' stand for in the context of epithelial cells?
'MV' stands for microvilli.
To what are desmosomes attached in the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments made up of cytoplasmic keratin proteins.
p.76
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of cells line the epithelia of the uterus and Fallopian tubes?
Simple columnar ciliated cells.
p.25
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of epithelial cells?
They function as a protective barrier.
p.17
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
How does epithelial tissue contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?
Epithelial tissue forms continuous sheets that act as barriers to protect underlying tissues from pathogens, toxins, and physical trauma.
Where are adherens junctions typically located in epithelial cells?
Immediately below the tight junctions, desmosomes, or macula adherens.
p.30
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple epithelium tissue generally found?
Where absorption and filtration occur.
p.60
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the major features of stratified squamous nonkeratinized/non-cornified (moist) epithelium?
Protection, secretion, and prevention of water loss.
p.102
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substances.
What is the primary function of gap junctions?
To mediate intercellular communication rather than adhesion or occlusion between cells.
p.104
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified columnar epithelium located?
The male urethra and the ducts of some glands.
p.93
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in the light micrograph of the duct of the esophageal gland?
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium.
p.101
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the characteristic feature of transitional epithelium cells?
They can change from squamous to cuboidal depending on the amount of tension.
p.40
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can endothelium be found in the body?
In the lining of the mouth, the lung alveoli, the kidney tubules, among others.
p.94
Types of Epithelial Cells
What types of cells can be found in the layers beneath the columnar layer in stratified columnar epithelium?
Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar cells.
p.113
Glandular Epithelium
How is expulsion done in merocrine glands?
Through exocytosis from membrane-bound vesicles or secretory granules.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple columnar epithelium located in the renal system?
In the renal collecting duct.
p.95
Types of Epithelial Cells
Do all cells in pseudostratified epithelium extend to the free epithelial surface?
No, not all cells extend to the free epithelial surface.
p.75
Epithelium Components
What are the peripheral vacuoles in simple cuboidal epithelium?
Vacuoles located at the periphery of the cells.
p.68
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found in the body cavities?
Mesothelium of body cavities.
p.90
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in Figure 68?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.90
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?
In the epidermis, esophageal lining, and outer covering of the cornea.
p.90
Epithelial Tissue Location
Which part of the body is represented by the stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis?
The outermost layer of the skin.
p.8
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What do connective tissues produce a lot of?
Extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.64
Types of Epithelial Cells
What happens to the shape of transitional epithelium when the organ is distended?
The outer layer becomes flat.
p.56
Types of Epithelial Cells
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.60
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the major features of transitional epithelium?
Protection and distensibility.
p.60
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
Bladder, ureters, and renal calyces.
What makes epithelial cells cohesive?
Cohesive Epithelial Cells.
p.2
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
From where are epithelial tissues derived?
Derived from Germ Layers.
p.102
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
In the air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Cells
What is the characteristic of the lower layer of epithelium?
It has more than one layer of cells (stratified).
p.11
Overview of Epithelium
What do epithelial cells form?
Epithelial cells form cellular sheets that cover the surfaces of the body and line the cavities.
What contributes to the cohesiveness of epithelial tissues?
An abundance of intercellular junctions.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
Non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
p.17
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
The primary function of epithelial tissue is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the external environment.
p.120
Glandular Epithelium
What type of secretion does a mixed gland produce?
Watery and viscous secretion.
p.109
Glandular Epithelium
What characterizes a unicellular gland?
Consists of isolated glandular cell or a single secreting cell.
p.29
Epithelium Components
What are the components of the basal lamina?
Type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen, and perlecan.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium lines part of the rectum?
Non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
p.118
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name examples of serous glands?
Sweat gland (thermal regulation), parotid gland, pancreas.
p.59
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the vessels and serous cavities?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the choroid plexus?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.114
Glandular Epithelium
What is lost after secretion in apocrine glands?
A part of the apical cytoplasm and the material secreted.
p.23
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?
Simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.
What are cellular junctions?
Specialized structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and to the basement membrane.
p.7
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Communication of information.
p.93
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
Which areas does stratified cuboidal epithelium protect?
Ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, developing ovarian follicles, and penile urethra.
p.109
Glandular Epithelium
How are glands classified according to the number of cells?
Unicellular and Multicellular.
p.65
Types of Epithelial Cells
How is simple epithelium classified by layer?
Simple epithelium is only one cell thick (unilayered).
p.22
Epithelium Components
What is the basement membrane?
A thin extracellular, felt-like sheet of macromolecules where the basal surface of all epithelia rests.
p.42
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where does mesothelium form walls?
In the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.
p.29
Epithelium Components
What is the basal lamina made up of?
Laminin (glycoproteins) secreted by epithelial cells.
p.110
Glandular Epithelium
How do exocrine glands release their secreted products?
Using ducts opening into the external and internal surfaces.
p.82
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is associated with columnar hair cells in the inner ear?
Simple Columnar Epithelium.
p.91
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of the epidermis?
Protect underlying tissues from dehydration and microbial invasion.
p.63
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What characterizes stratified epithelial tissue?
It has more than 1 layer of cells.
p.8
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
p.114
Glandular Epithelium
How are apocrine glands classified?
According to the mechanism for release of secretory products and the fate of secretory cells during active secretion.
p.64
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
In the uroepithelium of the urinary bladder.
p.59
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion.
p.23
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover body surfaces and line body cavities.
p.56
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?
Simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.
p.60
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the major features of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protection and secretion.
p.2
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What provides a basement membrane to epithelial cells?
Provided with A Basement Membrane.
p.2
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What section discusses the structure of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial Tissue Structure.
p.98
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium is shown in the light micrograph of the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
p.76
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What type of cells line the simple columnar epithelium?
A single layer of columnar cells.
p.104
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is transitional epithelium located?
Lines the bladder, urethra, and ureters.
p.93
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found in the body?
In the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, developing ovarian follicles, and penile urethra.
p.110
Glandular Epithelium
What is a characteristic of exocrine glands?
They have ducts carrying secretions to specific sites.
p.65
Types of Epithelial Cells
How is stratified epithelium classified by layer?
Stratified epithelium has two or more layers of cells (multilayered).
p.26
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
How does epithelial tissue acquire nourishment?
Through diffusion or osmosis.
p.68
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found in the blood vessels?
Endothelium of blood vessels.
What role do goblet cells play in the large intestine?
Their mucus secretion helps excrete solid fecal material out of the body.
p.111
Glandular Epithelium
How are glands classified according to the manner of secretion and presence or absence of ducts?
Endocrine glands are classified without ducts.
p.118
Glandular Epithelium
Why do serous glands stain darkly?
Due to the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and secretory granules.
p.63
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What characterizes pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
It has 1 layer of cells with uneven levels/heights of nuclei.
p.103
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
Sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands.
p.59
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Covers the ovary and thyroid.
p.106
Glandular Epithelium
Which glands are examples of glandular epithelium that secrete lipids?
Adrenal and sebaceous glands.
What is the primary function of cellular junctions in epithelial tissue?
To connect and hold cells together, providing structural integrity and communication.
From where are the specialized cells of Glandular Epithelium formed?
From blood or intercellular fluid.
p.2
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What characteristic describes epithelial tissues as lacking blood vessels?
Avascular Epithelial Tissues.
p.102
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple columnar epithelium located?
Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract and bladder.
How are gap junctions functionally important?
They are functionally important in nearly all mammalian cells.
Where do the linear arrangements of linked proteins in tight junctions surround?
The apical ends of the cells.
p.17
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissues are composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, forming continuous sheets that cover surfaces and line cavities.
What is the function of tight junctions?
To prevent paracellular passage of substances between cells.
p.15
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the epidermis?
Stratified simple squamous tissues, which may be keratinized/cornified.
p.61
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What is the major feature of pseudostratified epithelium?
Layers of cells with nuclei at different levels; not all cells reach the surface but all adhere to the basal lamina.
How is the large intestine differentiated from the small intestine in terms of goblet cells?
The large intestine has an increased amount of goblet cells.
p.61
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of pseudostratified epithelium?
Protection, secretion, and cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages.
p.26
Epithelium Components
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances can enter the epithelium.
p.111
Glandular Epithelium
For what are endocrine glands specialized?
Protein or steroid hormone synthesis.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the tubules of the kidneys?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.119
Glandular Epithelium
Can you name an example of a mucous gland?
Sebaceous gland, esophageal gland.
p.72
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelium lines the thyroid follicles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
p.30
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What facilitates absorption and filtration in simple epithelium tissue?
The thinness of the epithelial barrier.
Which cellular junction provides strong adhesion between epithelial cells?
Desmosomes (macula adherens).
p.85
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Why can layers of stratified epithelium be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers?
Because it is multilayered.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is ciliated epithelium located in the female reproductive system?
On the Fallopian tube lining to transport the ovum.
p.66
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What function does the Simple Squamous Epithelium provide in tissues?
It provides a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily.
p.82
Types of Epithelial Cells
Where can specialized columnar cells for sensory reception be found?
In the nose, ears, and taste buds.
p.3
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What is the topic covered in section V of the Table of Contents?
Classification & Distribution of Epithelial Tissues.
p.25
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelial cells arranged?
In layers or sheets, covering body surfaces or glands.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelium lines the vagina?
Non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
p.120
Glandular Epithelium
What are the components of a muco-serous gland?
Both serous acini and mucous tubules with clustered serous cells.
p.29
Epithelium Components
Where is the reticular lamina located?
Beneath the basal lamina.
p.29
Epithelium Components
What is the reticular lamina made up of?
Collagen proteins secreted by connective tissue.
p.29
Epithelium Components
What is the appearance of the reticular lamina?
More diffuse and fibrous.
p.60
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the major features of stratified squamous keratinized/cornified (dry) epithelium?
Protection and prevention of water loss.
p.56
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
How are epithelial tissues classified?
Based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.
What type of cellular junction prevents the passage of molecules between epithelial cells?
Tight junctions (zonula occludens).
p.56
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
In the lining of blood vessels and body cavities.
p.2
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What forms epithelial cells?
Formed by Epithelial Cells.
What is the function of glandular epithelium?
To produce and secrete substances such as enzymes, hormones, and mucus.
p.13
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the significance of knowing the shape of epithelial cells?
It helps in identifying their function.
p.14
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the typical functions of simple columnar epithelium in the gut?
Absorption and protection.
p.68
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found in the kidneys?
Thin loop of Henle in kidneys and parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule.
p.63
Classification and Distribution of Epithelial Tissues
What discovery led to the reclassification of pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
All the cells were found to be attached to the basement membrane, indicating only 1 layer of cells.
p.8
Four Basic Tissue Types and their Functions
What is the relationship between the function and shape of a cell?
Knowing the function of the cell allows one to know the shape of the cell, and vice versa.
p.114
Glandular Epithelium
What type of destruction occurs in apocrine glands after secretion?
Partial destruction of the cell.
p.56
Epithelium Components
What are the main components of epithelial tissue?
Cells and a minimal amount of extracellular matrix.
p.60
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Sweat glands and developing ovarian follicles.
p.23
Epithelial Tissue Location
What type of epithelial tissue is found in areas subject to abrasion?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.2
Epithelial Tissue Location
What section discusses the location of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial Tissue Location.
p.102
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules.
p.60
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where can stratified squamous nonkeratinized/non-cornified (moist) epithelium be found?
Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, and anal canal.
p.85
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is stratified epithelium typically found?
Where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Location
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule?
It helps in filtration for urine formation.
What usually accompanies the formation of specialized cells in Glandular Epithelium?
The intracellular synthesis of macromolecules.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Location
Where is simple squamous epithelium located in the alveolus?
It helps facilitate gas exchange.
What is the function of glandular epithelium?
To produce and secrete substances such as enzymes, hormones, and mucus.
p.23
Types of Epithelial Cells
What type of epithelial tissue is specialized for absorption and secretion?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.102
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorbs; it also secretes mucus and enzymes.
p.13
Characteristics and Function of Epithelial Tissues
What is the function of flagella in sperm cells?
For racing towards the egg.
p.10
Overview of Epithelium
What components are not present in epithelial tissue?
The ground matrix and intercellular fibers.
p.15
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
What are the essential functions of epithelial tissue?
<p>Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, sensory receptors, filtration, and lubrication.</p><p>ASS FLEP </p>
