Embryo.
It is equal to that of water, allowing them to float.
Two non-motile male gametes.
Dull colored with strong fragrance, abundant nectar, and produce large amounts of edible pollen grains.
To discourage self-pollination and promote cross-pollination, increasing genetic diversity.
Gynoecium (Pistil).
The zygote divides to form a two-celled proembryo.
Hilum.
The flower.
Porogamy, chalazogamy, and mesogamy.
About 80%.
Syngamy and triple fusion.
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the flower.
Because both male and female gametes are non-motile and produced at different sites.
Using a small piece of a vegetative part of a plant for propagation.
A method of carefully growing plants to produce many plantlets.
They are small, inconspicuous, with unwettable floral parts and lack nectar and fragrance.
A process that does not involve the fusion of gametes, resulting in genetically identical progeny from a single organism.
Apomixis is the formation of embryos through asexual reproduction without gametes or fertilization.
True fruit develops from the ovary of a flower, while false fruit develops from other parts of the flower.
Primary endosperm nucleus divides mitotically without wall formation, producing free nuclei.
It helps in pushing the embryo into the endosperm.
Potamogeton and Halogaris.
The fusion of two haploid polar nuclei of the large central cell.
Clones.
Style.
Hormones produced by developing seeds.
An embryo developing directly from the diploid cell of nucellus and integuments.
30 minutes.
A type of self-pollination where a bisexual flower is pollinated by its own pollen grains.
A non-motile, haploid, unicellular body with a single nucleus surrounded by a two-layered wall called sporoderm.
Pollen grain.
Pollination by water.
One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, and the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm.
Hypocotyl and radicle.
Nawaschin, in liliaceous plants like Lilium and Fritillaria.
Ovule.
Fusion of haploid male gamete with haploid female gamete (syngamy).
Pollination.
Incompatible pollen is discarded by the pistil.
Through their vegetative parts, producing genetically identical offspring.
It attaches the ovule to the placenta.
It is essential for evolution by natural selection and helps prevent inbreeding depression.
Propagation can occur through roots (e.g., sweet potato), leaves (e.g., Bryophyllum), and stems (e.g., rhizomes, tubers).
The development is similar in both, but differences appear later.
Androecium.
Thin areas in the exine that allow for the growth of the emerging pollen tube during germination.
Development of fruit without fertilization.
A type of pollination where pollen grains float on the water surface to reach the stigma of female flowers.
Endosperm.
Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Dormancy is a state of metabolic arrest that facilitates survival during adverse environmental conditions.
Formation of triploid endosperm nucleus.
The process where non-motile male gametes are carried through a hollow pollen tube.
Co-evolved physical characteristics of plants and pollinators that facilitate successful interaction.
A common method of asexual reproduction in unicellular yeast, where outgrowths (buds) develop into new individuals.
They abort, leaving the lowest one functional.
A method of asexual reproduction that occurs in organisms like Chlorella and Chlamydomonas.
When a zygote proembryo divides into many parts, each developing into an embryo.
Small, inconspicuous, colorless flowers without nectar; light, dry pollen produced in large numbers; feathery stigma.
When a flower opens to expose its sex organs.
Sporogenous tissue.
To ensure successful fertilization due to potential pollen tube failure.
A complex fertilization mechanism in flowering (angiospermic) plants involving the fusion of male and female gametes.
Asexual reproduction occurs by flagellated, motile zoospores that can grow independently into new individuals.
Leeuwenhoek in 1719.
Endosperm containing tissues of two different types, forming a mosaic pattern.
It is rich in food and has an irregular-shaped nucleus.
Environmental conditions of temperature and humidity.
Members of the families Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae.
Two lobes and four pollen sacs.
Secondary nucleus and endosperm.
To guide the pollen tube to the ovule.
The end of the juvenile or vegetative phase.
It is consumed almost completely.
A type of pollination that occurs below the water surface, where pollen grains sink and are caught by stigmas.
A thin, papery layer of the nucellus that may persist in some genera like black pepper and beet.
Meiosis and fusion of gametes to form a diploid zygote.
Pre-fertilization, fertilization, and post-fertilization.
Receptacle.
It is a major approach used in crop improvement to produce desired plant varieties.
They act as food storage and can also be the first photosynthetic organs.
A narrow opening at the apex of the ovule.
Nectar or fragrance.
A method of propagating plants using a small amount of plant tissue.
It is a mechanical device that prevents self-pollination by creating a physical barrier between the sex organs.
Yes, through methods like spraying gibberellins and delaying pollination.
To ensure successful reproduction under varying environmental conditions.
Epidermis.
Megaspore mother cell.
A group of three cells present at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
Triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
Fertilization.
Cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle, root cap, and plumule.
A condition where a plant bears either male or female flowers, also known as dioecism.
It is the lowermost cell of the suspensor.
They are large, showy, brightly colored, and produce sweet odors with nectar glands.
The fusion of a haploid male gamete with a haploid female gamete (egg) to produce a diploid zygote.
Joining parts of two plants so they grow as one.
They have hair-like projections called filiform apparatus that guide the pollen tube towards the egg.
A method of asexual reproduction as seen in Marchantia.
Stamen.
The production of seeds without meiosis and syngamy.
Exine.
No, they are not necessary.
Stalk of seed.
Yes, some old seeds can still grow; examples include Lupinus arcticus (10,000 years) and Phoenix dactylifera (2,000 years).
It is the interaction of pollen grains with sporophytic tissue (stigma) from pollination to fertilization.
The outer seed coat (testa) and the inner membranous layer (tegmen).
Ovary, style, and stigma.
Rose, Jasmine, and Cestrum.
In recurrent apomixis, the embryo sac arises from an archesporial cell or other parts of the nucellus.
Protandry (androecium matures earlier) and protogyny (gynoecium matures earlier).
Calyx.
It is the presence of different flower forms with stigmas and anthers at different levels to prevent self-pollination.
Filament, connective, and anther.
Diploid sporophyte.
Brightly colored, large, showy, secrete profuse dilute nectar, sticky and spiny pollen grains, generally without fragrance.
It varies; some seeds can remain viable for thousands of years, while others are short-lived.
The development of the embryo sac from a single megaspore.
Rough stigma due to hair or sticky due to mucilaginous secretion, spiny pollen grains surrounded by a sticky substance called pollen-kit.
Seeds where the embryo absorbs all food reserves from the endosperm, resulting in its disappearance, e.g., Pea, Bean.
Recurrent apomixis, non-recurrent apomixis, and adventive embryony.
It allows the entry of water and oxygen during soaking.
Embryogenesis.
Abiotic agents and Biotic agents.
Auxin IAA (Indole-3 Acetic Acid).
Microsporogenesis, where each microspore mother cell divides meiotically.
Tapetum.
Microspore undergoes mitosis to form pollen grain, which develops into male gametophyte.
Vallisneria.
The swollen first cell of the suspensor towards the micropylar end.
It germinates and forms a pollen tube that penetrates the ovule.
The first division of the primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall, dividing the cell unequally.
It is a mechanism where anthers and stigmas mature at different times to prevent self-pollination.
True and false polyembryony.
A method of asexual reproduction in Penicillium.
Coleoptile is the protective sheath of the plumule, and coleorhiza is the protective sheath of the radicle.
It is the innermost nutritive layer that encloses the sporogenous tissue.
Seven haploid cells.
They ensure genetic diversity and successful reproduction.
Basal or suspensor initial cell and terminal or embryonal initial cell.
Bats can transport pollen over long distances, sometimes several kilometers.
In the pollen grain or in the pollen tube.
Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
It is endosporous, developing within the megaspore.
They retain a conspicuous endosperm that fills a greater part of the seed, e.g., Castor, Coconut, Maize.
Anatropous ovule.
The development of more than one embryo inside the seed.
Adventive embryony is when embryos develop from somatic nucellus or integuments along with the normal zygotic embryo.
Fruits provide nourishment and protection to developing seeds and aid in their dispersal.
The condition in which fruit develops without fertilization.
It divides into an inner sporogenous cell and outer primary parietal cell.
By polar nuclei and male gamete.
The production of young ones like parents, essential for the continuation of species and life.
Embryo sac.
The pistil recognizes and accepts the right or compatible pollen of the same species through special proteins.
A flower with many free carpels.
Nuclear type, Cellular type, Helobial type.
When multicellular organisms break into fragments that grow into new individuals, as seen in Spirogyra.
The stigmatic surface provides essential prerequisites for successful germination, which are absent in the pollen.
Division of the primary endosperm nucleus is immediately followed by wall formation.
To attract insects that carry pollen.
The process of formation of haploid megaspores from a diploid megaspore mother cell.
An embryo, which develops into a new plant.
It ensures that the parent plant invests in a seed with a food store only if the egg is fertilized.
It generates genetically varied offspring.
Pollination by wind.
Geitonogamy.
By producing multiple embryos from a single fertilized egg for better yield.
It undergoes three successive mitotic divisions to form octant.
The transfer of pollen grain to a stigma of a different flower produced on the same plant.
It involves pollinating agents but cannot bring about genetic variations.
The ovary wall that develops into the fruit, typically three-layered in fleshy fruits.
The single shield-shaped cotyledon in monocot embryos.
A group of parenchymatous tissue surrounded by a single layered epidermis.
A complex, non-biodegradable substance that makes up the exine of pollen grains.
Sticky pollens with rough surface.
Small-sized birds with long beaks, such as sunbirds and hummingbirds.
The fusion of a second haploid male gamete with a diploid secondary nucleus to produce a primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
In non-recurrent apomixis, the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis, forming a haploid embryo sac.
It is a genetic mechanism that inhibits the germination of pollen on the stigma of the same flower.
The process of formation of megaspores from megasporangium.
1. Dioecy (separate male and female plants), 2. Temporal separation of anther and stigma maturity, 3. Morphological differences in flowers.
A type of cross pollination where pollen grains from one flower are deposited on the stigma of a flower of a different plant of the same species.
Pollen grains from other flowers germinate more rapidly on the stigma than those from the same flower.
It increases the chances of survival.
Self-pollination that occurs even before the flower opens.
Within the flower.
Endosperm.
Stigma.
Ovary develops into fruit, ovules develop into seeds.
Incompatibility prevents fertilization between different species or varieties.
