p.1
Classification of Diseases
What are the classifications of diseases based on their nature?
Congenital, Dystrophies, Degenerations, Inflammations/Infections, Tumours, Injuries/Trauma.
p.4
Normal Protection of the Eye
What is the function of IgA in the eye?
Prevents binding of certain bacteria and viruses.
p.6
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
What is computed tomography (CT) good for?
Evaluating bony structures and soft tissue.
p.5
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
What is used to identify intraocular foreign bodies?
Ultrasound biomicroscopy.
p.4
Normal Protection of the Eye
What is the function of lysozyme in tears?
Disrupts the cell membrane of staphylococcus and streptococcus.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What pathologies can be evaluated using ultrasound biomicroscopy?
Limbal pathologies and anterior chamber angle abnormalities.
p.6
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
What condition can MRI help detect related to vision?
Visual field (VF) defeat due to pituitary tumor.
p.3
Cells Involved in Acquired Immunity
What are cytokines?
Immunomodulating agents such as interleukins and interferons.
p.3
Normal Protection of the Eye
What role do eyelashes play in eye protection?
They trap foreign bodies and microorganisms.
p.4
Normal Protection of the Eye
What role does lactoferrin play in the eye?
Binds to free iron to prevent microbes from using it for growth.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What does Color Doppler ultrasound primarily visualize?
Blood flow in the ophthalmic and ciliary arteries.
What condition is related to the abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin?
Age-related macular degeneration.
p.6
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
What are the types of disorders of immunity?
Immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity.
p.5
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
What abnormalities can be evaluated at the optic nerve head (ONH)?
ONH drusen and optic nerve head lesions.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What technology uses near-infrared laser for assessing ocular segments?
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What does OCT angiography visualize?
Microvasculature of the retina and choroid.
p.2
Cells Involved in Innate Immunity
What are the functions of macrophages?
Contain phagocytic granules, secrete cytokines, and are essential to both innate and acquired immunity.
p.3
Normal Protection of the Eye
What is the function of blinking?
To clear the ocular surface and flush away tears.
p.1
Cells Involved in Innate Immunity
When do eosinophils increase in number?
During allergic and parasitic reactions.
p.1
Classification of Diseases
What is an example of a familial disease?
Familial adenomatous polyposis.
p.2
Cells Involved in Innate Immunity
What specialized cells can macrophages differentiate into?
Epithelioid and giant cells.
p.4
Normal Protection of the Eye
What is the role of normal flora in the eye?
Bacteria in the lid margin and conjunctiva prevent infection by staphylococcus aureus.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What does swept source OCT provide?
A wider range of interests with longer wavelength.
p.6
Normal Protection of the Eye
What happens to lipofuscin when specific light hits it?
It responds to autofluorescence and lights up.
p.3
Cells Involved in Acquired Immunity
What is the difference between antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
Antibody-mediated immunity involves B lymphocytes, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells.
p.4
Infection Routes and Mechanisms
What are common routes of entry for infections in the eye?
Trichiasis, lagophthalmos, dry eye, and contact lens wearing.
p.6
Normal Protection of the Eye
What is lipofuscin?
A waste product produced by the metabolism of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that should be removed.
p.6
Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
Who is CT not indicated for?
Children and pregnant women.
p.4
Infection Routes and Mechanisms
What occurs during bacterial infection in the eye?
Bacterial appendages attach to host cells, multiply, and spread.
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
Redness, swelling, and pain.
What is a granulomatous inflammation example in the eye?
Chalazion (meibomian gland blockage).
p.4
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What does an A-scan measure in ophthalmology?
Linear distance, axial length, and calculates intraocular lens (IOL).
p.4
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What is the purpose of corneal pachymetry?
Measures the thickness of the cornea.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What can OCT angiography assess regarding retinal layers?
Superficial and deep retinal layers.
p.5
Ocular Imaging Techniques
What movement can be detected by OCT angiography?
Movement of white blood cells (WBCs).
