p.47
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What causes amblyopia early in development?
Fewer neuro electrical signals sent to the less favored ('lazy') eye.
p.48
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
Why can visual effects persist even after treating amblyogenic factors?
Because the effects are cortical in nature.
p.38
Strabismus and Its Types
What is esotropia (ET)?
Inward turning of an eye.
p.11
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are the two groups of extraocular muscles?
Recti muscles and oblique muscles.
p.55
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
How is nystagmus described in terms of movement direction?
It can be horizontal, vertical, or torsional, named for its fast phase.
p.30
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is the characteristic slope of pursuit eye movements?
Pursuit eye movements have a flatter slope.
p.9
Strabismus and Its Types
What condition is associated with dysfunction of the facial nerve?
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy.
p.2
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What do the extraocular muscles control?
The movements of the eyeball and the superior eyelid.
p.24
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is the primary function of saccadic eye movements?
To quickly shift the line of sight from one point to another.
p.61
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is downbeat nystagmus often associated with?
A structural lesion at the cervical-medullary junction.
p.51
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What are some corrective measures for amblyopia?
Corrective lenses and surgery.
p.52
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
How does the severity of amblyopia affect treatment success?
More severe amblyopia leads to less success in treatment.
p.62
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What lesions cause downbeat nystagmus in Arnold Chiari malformation?
Lesions that compromise the vestibulocerebellum.
p.61
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
Where is the structural lesion often located in cases of downbeat nystagmus?
At the cervical-medullary junction.
p.26
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is the duration of a typical saccadic eye movement?
Typically lasts about 20 to 200 milliseconds.
p.13
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerve innervates the Superior Rectus muscle?
CN III (oculomotor nerve).
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
What happens during convergence?
Both eyes move inward to focus on a nearby object.
p.7
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
How does oculomotor palsy affect vision?
It can lead to double vision and difficulty focusing due to impaired eye movements.
p.28
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What can impair smooth pursuit eye movements?
Neurological disorders, fatigue, or visual impairments.
p.14
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where does the Medial Rectus muscle attach?
It attaches to the anterior-medial aspect of the sclera.
p.22
Saccadic Eye Movements
How do saccades typically occur?
As a reflex that happens without awareness.
p.55
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What does the amplitude of nystagmus refer to?
How far the eyes move, which can be fine or coarse.
p.31
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What do the blue lines represent in the context of pursuit eye movements?
Eye movements tracking a stimulus.
p.6
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What is the function of the Oculomotor nerve (CNIII)?
Controls ipsilateral eye movements, pupil constriction, and upper eyelid elevation.
p.56
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is nystagmus?
Any rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of the eyes.
p.42
Strabismus and Its Types
Can exotropia be constant or intermittent?
Yes, it can be either constant or intermittent.
p.1
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Are the extraocular muscles attached to the eyeball?
No, they are separate from the eyeball.
p.51
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is the first step in treating amblyopia?
To correct the amblyogenic factor.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What is convergence in terms of eye movement?
Inward movement of eyes to view a near object.
p.54
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is acquired nystagmus?
Nystagmus that occurs later in life, often as a symptom of another condition.
p.39
Strabismus and Its Types
What characterizes non-accommodative esotropia?
Large deviation at birth to 6 months of age.
p.26
Saccadic Eye Movements
What triggers saccadic eye movements?
Visual stimuli or changes in the environment.
p.8
Strabismus and Its Types
What can cause Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy?
Infections, trauma, or idiopathic reasons (like Bell's palsy).
p.37
Strabismus and Its Types
How can non-paralytic strabismus be treated?
Through corrective lenses, vision therapy, or surgery in some cases.
p.3
Function of Extraocular Muscles
How are the extraocular muscles functionally divided?
Into two groups: those responsible for eye movement and those responsible for eyelid movement.
p.60
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is downbeat nystagmus?
The most common form of central vestibular nystagmus resulting from defective vertical gaze holding.
p.35
Strabismus and Its Types
What is the effect of strabismus on vision?
It can lead to suppression to avoid double images.
p.10
Strabismus and Its Types
What can cause strabismus?
Imbalances in the extraocular muscles or issues with the cranial nerves.
p.53
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What are the possible directions of nystagmus?
Horizontal, vertical, torsional, or a combination.
p.9
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Responsible for closing the eyelids.
p.23
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is the range of amplitude for saccadic eye movements?
From small movements made while reading to larger movements made while gazing around a room.
p.15
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where do the oblique muscles attach on the eyeball?
To the posterior surface of the sclera.
p.44
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What causes amblyopia?
Abnormal visual stimulation or binocular interaction.
p.12
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where do the recti muscles originate?
From the common tendinous ring.
p.36
Strabismus and Its Types
What is paralytic strabismus?
A type of strabismus caused by weakness or paralysis of the extraocular muscles.
p.56
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)?
A jerk nystagmus that occurs when following an object or pattern moving across the visual field, with the slow phase following the target and the fast phase in the opposite direction.
p.39
Strabismus and Its Types
What is esotropia (ET)?
A type of strabismus where one or both eyes turn inward.
p.12
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the significance of the recti muscles' name?
They have a direct path from origin to attachment.
p.37
Strabismus and Its Types
What are common characteristics of non-paralytic strabismus?
The misalignment is often consistent and can be present in all positions of gaze.
p.45
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is the typical reduction in visual acuity for amblyopia?
Substantial reduction in 'corrected' visual acuity.
p.3
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the function of the recti and oblique muscles?
Responsible for eye movement.
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
What are the two types of vergence movements?
Convergence and divergence.
p.3
Function of Extraocular Muscles
Which muscle is responsible for superior eyelid movement?
Levator palpebrae superioris.
p.17
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What does 'LR6 SO4 R3' signify?
Lateral Rectus is innervated by VI, Superior Oblique by IV, and all others by III.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What does abduction refer to in eye movements?
Simultaneous movement of the eyes temporally.
p.35
Strabismus and Its Types
What characterizes paralytic strabismus?
A complete or partial motor deficiency of one or more extraocular muscles.
p.16
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where does the tendon of the Superior Oblique muscle attach?
It attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the superior rectus.
p.10
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?
Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducens).
p.58
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What happens when the OKN drum rotates?
The subject fixates on one stripe and then makes a rapid movement in the opposite direction to fixate the next stripe.
p.22
Saccadic Eye Movements
What are saccadic eye movements?
Quick movements made by the eyes, characterized by a sudden change from point to point.
p.49
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is strabismic amblyopia?
A type of amblyopia caused by misalignment of the eyes.
p.15
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where do the oblique muscles originate from?
They do not originate from the common tendinous ring.
p.15
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
How do the oblique muscles approach the eyeball?
They take an angular approach.
p.1
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What role does orbital fat play in relation to the extraocular muscles?
Cushions and stabilizes the muscles.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What are saccades?
Rapid, jerky movements of the eyes that shift focus from one point to another.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What distinguishes vergence eye movements from other types of eye movements?
Vergence movements are disconjugate, while other types are conjugate.
p.54
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What can cause congenital nystagmus?
Neurological problems present at birth or developing in early childhood.
p.7
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What is oculomotor palsy?
A condition resulting from dysfunction of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), affecting eye movement.
p.26
Saccadic Eye Movements
How do saccadic eye movements contribute to vision?
They help in scanning the environment and focusing on different objects.
p.36
Strabismus and Its Types
What are common symptoms of paralytic strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes, double vision, and difficulty with eye movements.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What does adduction refer to in eye movements?
Simultaneous movement of the eyes nasally.
p.4
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the primary function of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS)?
To raise the superior eyelid.
p.64
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What does a sagittal midline MRI scan show in a person with Chiari I malformation?
Displacement of the cerebellar tonsil below the upper margin of the foramen magnum.
p.36
Strabismus and Its Types
What are potential treatments for paralytic strabismus?
Options may include prism glasses, surgery, or vision therapy.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What is divergence in eye movements?
Outward movement of eyes to view a distant object.
p.28
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What role does the cerebellum play in smooth pursuit?
It helps coordinate and fine-tune the eye movements for tracking moving objects.
p.60
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What causes the eyes to drift upward in downbeat nystagmus?
Defective vertical gaze holding.
p.35
Strabismus and Its Types
What is non-paralytic strabismus?
A congenital condition not caused by cranial nerve or neuromuscular junction issues.
p.10
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the role of the superior oblique muscle?
It helps in rotating the eye downward and laterally.
p.58
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN)?
A phenomenon where rotating stripes across the visual field elicit observable eye movements.
p.48
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What visual effects are reduced in amblyopia?
Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis.
p.55
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What does the frequency of nystagmus indicate?
How often the eyes oscillate, categorized as high, moderate, or low.
p.11
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Name the four recti muscles.
Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus.
p.44
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
When does amblyopia typically occur?
During early years of visual development.
p.27
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is a saccade?
A rapid movement of the eye between fixation points.
p.54
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What are the two types of nystagmus?
Physiologic and pathologic.
p.52
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is a major challenge in treating amblyopia in young children?
Compliance with treatment from parents and children.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What is vergence in eye movements?
The simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
What are vergence eye movements?
Eye movements that occur when both eyes move in opposite directions to maintain single binocular vision.
p.51
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What types of surgery may be performed for amblyopia?
EOM surgery for exo/esotropia, lid surgery for ptosis, and cataract excision.
p.63
Strabismus and Its Types
What is considered a significant displacement in Arnold Chiari malformation?
A displacement of greater than 5 mm below the foramen magnum.
p.37
Strabismus and Its Types
What is a common cause of non-paralytic strabismus?
Refractive errors or differences in visual acuity between the eyes.
p.62
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
How do lesions affecting the vestibulocerebellum impact ocular motoneurons?
They diminish the tonic output from the anterior semicircular canals to the ocular motoneurons.
p.4
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
To what structure does the levator palpebrae superioris attach?
To the superior tarsal plate of the upper eyelid.
p.8
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is a potential treatment for Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy?
Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
p.4
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What type of tissue is the superior tarsal plate made of?
A thick plate of connective tissue.
p.10
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
How many extraocular muscles are there?
There are six extraocular muscles.
p.16
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Inferior Oblique muscle?
It originates from the anterior aspect of the orbital floor.
p.43
Strabismus and Its Types
What is hypotropia?
Downward eye misalignment.
p.31
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What are smooth pursuit eye movements?
Eye movements that track a stimulus moving at different velocities.
p.29
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Are pursuit movements under voluntary control?
Yes, the observer can choose whether or not to track a moving stimulus.
p.23
Saccadic Eye Movements
Can saccades be elicited voluntarily?
Yes, but they also occur reflexively whenever the eyes are open, even when fixated on a target.
p.15
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
How does the approach of oblique muscles differ from recti muscles?
Oblique muscles approach at an angle, while recti muscles approach straight.
p.59
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is a common symptom of acquired nystagmus related to visual perception?
Oscillopsia (feeling of surrounding moving).
p.56
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What characterizes end-point nystagmus?
It is associated with extreme positions of gaze and features a fine jerk nystagmus with the fast phase in the direction of gaze.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
What is esotropia (ET)?
A type of strabismus where one or both eyes turn inward.
p.24
Saccadic Eye Movements
How do saccadic eye movements contribute to vision?
They help in scanning the visual environment and focusing on different objects.
p.37
Strabismus and Its Types
What is non-paralytic strabismus?
A type of strabismus where the eye misalignment is not due to muscle paralysis.
p.63
Strabismus and Its Types
What is the definitive method of diagnosis for Arnold Chiari malformation?
A T1 MRI scan of the posterior fossa.
p.18
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What are secondary actions of the extraocular muscles?
Secondary actions involve movements that occur in conjunction with primary actions, such as intorsion and extorsion.
p.24
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is the typical duration of a saccadic eye movement?
Approximately 20 to 200 milliseconds.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
When is esotropia greatest?
With an accommodative target or during fatigue.
p.32
Vergence Eye Movements
What is meant by accommodative demand?
The need for the eyes to adjust focus for near objects.
p.4
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where does the levator palpebrae superioris originate?
From the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, above the optic foramen.
p.51
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is the purpose of patching in amblyopia treatment?
To strengthen the weaker amblyopic eye.
p.20
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What action does the inferior oblique muscle perform?
Extorsion and elevation of the eye.
p.4
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?
It is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III).
p.60
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
When is downbeat nystagmus usually accentuated?
In downgaze, especially to either side.
p.14
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Lateral Rectus muscle?
It originates from the lateral part of the common tendinous ring.
p.53
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What characterizes the movement pattern in nystagmus?
A slow eye movement drives the eye off target, followed by a fast movement back to the target.
p.29
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is the purpose of pursuit movements?
To keep a moving stimulus on the fovea.
p.30
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What happens during fast target motion in pursuit eye movements?
It results in a catch-up saccade.
p.57
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is physiologic end-point nystagmus?
A jerky nystagmus that occurs in normal individuals when attempting to fixate on a target at the limits of the field of fixation.
p.31
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is the relationship between eye movement velocity and target velocity during smooth pursuit?
The eye movement velocity matches the target velocity.
p.57
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
Is physiologic end-point nystagmus normal?
Yes, it occurs in normal individuals.
p.25
Saccadic Eye Movements
What happens when a fixation target moves suddenly to the right?
There is a delay of about 200 ms before the eye begins to move to the new target position.
p.36
Strabismus and Its Types
What causes paralytic strabismus?
Damage or dysfunction of the cranial nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
At what age is accommodative esotropia most common?
In children aged 2 to 5 years old.
p.7
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What are common symptoms of oculomotor palsy?
Ptosis (drooping eyelid), ophthalmoplegia (eye movement limitation), and pupil dilation.
p.59
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What sensation of movement is associated with acquired nystagmus?
Vertigo (dizziness/spinning sensation).
p.52
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is the relationship between the duration of deprivation and treatment outcomes in amblyopia?
The longer the deprivation, the poorer the outcome.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
How does accommodation affect convergence?
Accommodation stimulates convergence.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
What are the two types of vergence movements?
Convergence and divergence.
p.37
Strabismus and Its Types
What is the difference between paralytic and non-paralytic strabismus?
Paralytic strabismus is caused by muscle paralysis, while non-paralytic is not.
p.10
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the primary function of the extraocular muscles?
To enable eye movements such as looking up, down, left, and right.
p.14
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where does the Lateral Rectus muscle attach?
It attaches to the anterior-lateral aspect of the sclera.
p.46
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What does amblyopia interfere with?
Normal cortical development.
p.29
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What are pursuit eye movements?
Slower tracking movements of the eyes designed to keep a moving stimulus on the fovea.
p.49
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What causes refractive amblyopia?
It is caused by uncorrected refractive errors, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness.
p.49
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is deprivation amblyopia?
A type of amblyopia that occurs when visual experience is obstructed, often due to cataracts or other obstructions.
p.11
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are the two oblique muscles?
Superior Oblique and Inferior Oblique.
p.12
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are the four recti muscles of the eye?
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus.
p.54
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is nystagmus?
Involuntary and repetitive oscillatory movement of the eyes.
p.12
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What do the recti muscles attach to?
The sclera of the eyeball.
p.18
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What happens when the extraocular muscles contract while the eyes are in the primary position?
Contraction causes movement of the eyes in specific directions.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What is smooth pursuit?
A type of eye movement that allows the eyes to smoothly follow a moving object.
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
What are vergence eye movements?
Eye movements that occur when both eyes move in opposite directions to maintain single binocular vision.
p.56
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What induces caloric nystagmus?
Irrigation of cold or warm water into the ear.
p.64
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is Arnold Chiari malformation?
A condition where brain tissue extends into the spinal canal.
p.63
Strabismus and Its Types
What does a T1 MRI scan document in cases of Arnold Chiari malformation?
The typical downward herniation of the cerebellar tonsils.
p.45
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is the minimum difference in visual acuity between the eyes in amblyopia?
Two line difference or more on the visual acuity chart.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
What is the primary purpose of vergence eye movements?
To ensure that both eyes are aligned on a target, allowing for depth perception.
p.7
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What can cause oculomotor palsy?
Causes can include trauma, aneurysms, tumors, or diabetes.
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
What occurs during divergence?
Both eyes move outward to focus on a distant object.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
What occurs during divergence?
Both eyes move outward away from each other to focus on a distant object.
p.35
Strabismus and Its Types
What are some causes of paralytic strabismus?
Stroke, trauma, brain tumors, inflammation.
p.16
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Inferior Oblique muscle?
(CN III) oculomotor nerve.
p.30
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is the speed of pursuit eye movements compared to saccades?
Pursuit eye movements are slower than saccades.
p.38
Strabismus and Its Types
What are the two classifications of esotropia?
Non-accommodative esotropia and accommodative esotropia.
p.31
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What do the red lines indicate in the pursuit eye movement metrics?
The velocity of the moving stimulus.
p.6
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerve is known as the third cranial nerve?
Oculomotor nerve (CNIII).
p.50
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What causes refractive amblyopia?
Significant unequal refractive error between eyes (anisometropic amblyopia).
p.26
Saccadic Eye Movements
What are saccadic eye movements?
Rapid, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction.
p.26
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is the primary function of saccadic eye movements?
To quickly shift the line of sight from one point to another.
p.18
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What are the primary actions of the extraocular muscles?
The primary actions include adduction, abduction, elevation, and depression of the eyes.
p.61
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What happens in an Arnold-Chiari type I malformation?
Cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum, compressing the brainstem and spinal cord.
p.36
Strabismus and Its Types
How is paralytic strabismus diagnosed?
Through clinical examination and assessment of eye movements.
p.41
Strabismus and Its Types
What is esotropia (ET)?
A condition where the eyes turn inward.
p.8
Strabismus and Its Types
How is Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy typically diagnosed?
Through clinical examination and patient history.
p.41
Strabismus and Its Types
How do corrective lenses help in accommodative esotropia?
They relax the accommodation and straighten the eye.
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
How do vergence movements contribute to depth perception?
By allowing the brain to compare the images from both eyes to gauge distance.
p.10
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are extraocular muscles?
Muscles that control the movement of the eyeball.
p.10
Strabismus and Its Types
What is strabismus?
A condition where the eyes do not properly align with each other.
p.53
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is nystagmus?
Rhythmic, abnormal eye movements.
p.31
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What happens after a quick saccade when tracking a target?
The eye movement attains a velocity that matches the velocity of the target.
p.57
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
When does physiologic end-point nystagmus occur?
When attempts are made to fixate a target point at the limits of the field of fixation.
p.25
Saccadic Eye Movements
What do the red and blue lines represent in the metrics of a saccadic eye movement?
The red line indicates the position of a fixation target, and the blue line indicates the position of the fovea.
p.61
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What type of malformation is commonly linked to downbeat nystagmus?
Arnold-Chiari type I malformation.
p.45
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What characterizes the vision in amblyopia?
One eye is used more than the other.
p.3
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are the names of the extraocular muscles?
Levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior oblique, and superior oblique.
p.34
Vergence Eye Movements
What is the primary purpose of vergence eye movements?
To align the eyes for focusing on objects at varying distances.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What are the two types of vergence?
Convergence and divergence.
p.28
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is the primary function of smooth pursuit eye movements?
To maintain a moving target in the fovea for clear vision.
p.51
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is a common method of vision therapy for amblyopia?
Occlusion of the unaffected eye with patching or pharmaceutical drops.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What is divergence?
The outward movement of both eyes away from each other to focus on a distant object.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
What level of hyperopia is associated with accommodative esotropia?
Hyperopia greater than +2.00 D.
p.17
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which muscle is innervated by cranial nerve III?
Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique, and Levator.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
How do vergence eye movements contribute to visual comfort?
They help maintain proper alignment of the eyes, reducing strain and improving clarity of vision.
p.16
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What are the actions of the Superior Oblique muscle?
Depresses, abducts, and medially rotates the eyeball.
p.16
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Where does the Inferior Oblique muscle attach?
It attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the lateral rectus.
p.2
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Are the extraocular muscles intrinsic or extrinsic to the eyeball?
Extrinsic and separate from the eyeball.
p.1
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the primary function of the extraocular muscles (EOM)?
Responsible for movement of the eyeball and superior eyelid.
p.42
Strabismus and Its Types
What is exotropia (XT)?
Outward turning of the eye.
p.6
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
What type of eye movements does the Oculomotor nerve control?
Ipsilateral eye movements.
p.50
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
What is deprivation amblyopia?
Image degradation from obstruction, such as ptosis or congenital cataract.
p.63
Strabismus and Its Types
What are common symptoms suggestive of Arnold Chiari malformation?
Posterior headache, dizziness and ataxia, fainting with a cough, weakness or numbness, and otologic manifestations.
p.40
Strabismus and Its Types
What is accommodative esotropia?
A form of esotropia that occurs when focusing on near objects.
p.24
Saccadic Eye Movements
What triggers a saccadic eye movement?
Visual stimuli or changes in the environment.
p.13
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Superior Rectus muscle?
It originates from the superior part of the common tendinous ring.
p.8
Strabismus and Its Types
What is a common symptom of Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy?
Drooping of one side of the face.
p.13
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the main action of the Superior Rectus muscle?
Elevation of the eyeball.
p.7
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerve is affected in oculomotor palsy?
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve).
p.17
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?
Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.
p.64
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the significance of the foramen magnum in Chiari malformation?
It is the opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain.
p.13
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Inferior Rectus muscle?
It originates from the inferior part of the common tendinous ring.
p.33
Vergence Eye Movements
What happens during convergence?
Both eyes move inward towards each other to focus on a nearby object.
p.13
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which cranial nerve innervates the Inferior Rectus muscle?
CN III (oculomotor nerve).
p.14
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Medial Rectus muscle?
It originates from the medial part of the common tendinous ring.
p.14
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Which nerve innervates the Medial Rectus muscle?
(CN III) oculomotor nerve.
p.14
Types of Eye Movements
What is adduction in terms of eye movement?
Movement towards the midline.
p.35
Strabismus and Its Types
What visual issue can occur with non-paralytic strabismus?
Double vision of one eye.
p.16
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What are the actions of the Inferior Oblique muscle?
Elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates the eyeball.
p.10
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the role of the lateral rectus muscle?
It abducts the eye, moving it outward.
p.14
Types of Eye Movements
What is abduction in terms of eye movement?
Movement away from the midline.
p.58
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What is one use of Optokinetic Nystagmus testing?
To assess vision in infants and those feigning visual loss (malingerers).
p.15
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What are the two oblique muscles of the eye?
The superior and inferior obliques.
p.23
Saccadic Eye Movements
What are saccadic eye movements?
Rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation.
p.23
Saccadic Eye Movements
What is a form of saccades that occurs during sleep?
Rapid eye movements (REM) during a phase of sleep.
p.24
Saccadic Eye Movements
What are saccadic eye movements?
Rapid, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction.
p.8
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the primary function of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)?
It controls the muscles of facial expression.
p.28
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
What is smooth pursuit?
A type of eye movement that allows the eyes to closely follow a moving object.
p.42
Strabismus and Its Types
What is a common treatment for exotropia?
Surgery is more likely to be a treatment option.
p.54
Nystagmus: Types and Causes
What conditions can acquired nystagmus be associated with?
Stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), or trauma.
p.18
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What are tertiary actions of the extraocular muscles?
Tertiary actions are the additional movements that occur when the eyes are in a specific position, often involving combinations of primary and secondary actions.
p.21
Types of Eye Movements
What is convergence?
The inward movement of both eyes toward each other to focus on a near object.
p.28
Types of Eye Movements
How do smooth pursuit movements differ from saccadic movements?
Smooth pursuit movements are continuous and follow a target, while saccadic movements are quick, jerky movements that shift the gaze from one point to another.
p.52
Amblyopia and Its Treatment
Why is early detection important in amblyopia treatment?
Prompt early detection is critical for better treatment outcomes.
p.13
Function of Extraocular Muscles
What is the main action of the Inferior Rectus muscle?
Depression of the eyeball.
p.16
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
What is the origin of the Superior Oblique muscle?
It originates from the body of the sphenoid bone.
