p.79
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What does the neural tube develop into?
The early brain and spine.
p.12
Process of Conception
What is the function of the tail in sperm?
To propel the sperm forward.
p.74
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are congenital anomalies?
Congenital anomalies are structural or functional abnormalities present at birth.
p.74
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
How can congenital anomalies be detected?
They can be detected through prenatal screening, imaging techniques, and postnatal examinations.
p.12
Process of Conception
What are the main parts of human sperm?
Head, midpiece, and tail.
p.28
Periods of Prenatal Development
Between which gestational weeks does the three-fold increase in brain volume occur?
Between 29 and 40 gestational weeks.
p.79
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is Spina Bifida?
A type of neural tube defect.
p.16
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the Germinal Period?
The first two weeks after conception.
p.8
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the focus of the systematic review by Warren et al. (2021)?
Menstrual cycle phase, hormonal contraception, and alcohol consumption in premenopausal females.
p.41
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does nicotine affect the fetus during pregnancy?
It reduces the supply of oxygen and nutrients by constricting placental blood vessels.
p.41
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are some risks associated with cigarette smoking during pregnancy?
Fetal death, premature birth, poor cognitive functioning, cleft lip and palate, and low birth weight.
p.23
Periods of Prenatal Development
What major developments occur during the fetal period?
Growth and maturation of organs and systems, as well as increased complexity in bodily structures.
p.72
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What complications can intraventricular hemorrhage lead to?
Developmental delays, cerebral palsy, and morbidity.
p.65
Stages of the Birthing Process
What is a breech position?
When the baby is positioned feet or buttocks first instead of head first.
p.77
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is an omphalocele?
A birth defect of the abdominal wall where intestines are outside the body but covered in a thin sac.
p.65
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is a cesarean section?
A surgical procedure to deliver the baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen.
p.54
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What risks are increased due to maternal stress during pregnancy?
Preterm birth and low birth weight.
p.79
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What causes neural tube defects?
Failure of the neural tube to close properly.
p.74
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What can cause congenital anomalies?
They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.
p.24
Periods of Prenatal Development
What are the main characteristics of the fetal period?
Rapid body growth and differentiation of tissues and organ systems.
p.8
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
In which journal was the systematic review published?
Frontiers in Global Women's Health.
p.76
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What problems can cleft lip and cleft palate cause?
They can cause speaking and feeding problems.
p.73
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What type of stimulation is deprived in premature infants due to environmental influences?
Beneficial auditory stimulation.
p.41
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the impact of smoking just one cigarette per day during pregnancy?
It is associated with higher rates of low birth weight in babies.
p.54
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is a consequence of higher stress hormones in newborns?
Developmental consequences, including cognitive and language functioning.
p.18
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the primary function of the placenta?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and remove waste products.
p.30
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What role does stress play in prenatal development?
High levels of stress can negatively affect fetal development and lead to complications.
p.38
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are some effects of illicit drug use on fetal growth?
Poor fetal growth and low birth weight.
p.46
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What is BPA and where is it commonly found?
BPA (bisphenol A) is found in plastics.
p.26
Periods of Prenatal Development
What happens to body proportions during the fetal period?
They become more like those of a newborn infant.
What is oogenesis?
The formation of ova (egg cells).
p.62
Stages of the Birthing Process
How long does the delivery stage usually take?
About 30 minutes to 1 hour.
p.20
Periods of Prenatal Development
What significant development occurs during the embryonic period?
Formation of all major body systems.
p.58
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What can exposure to environmental influences during critical periods of development lead to?
Significant consequences on short- and long-term health.
p.8
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the DOI for the systematic review by Warren et al.?
10.3389/fgwh.2021.745263.
p.54
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What can chronic exposure to stress hormones in utero affect?
Maternal emotional well-being.
p.59
Stages of the Birthing Process
What are the three stages of the birthing process?
Labor, delivery, and placental delivery.
p.66
Cultural Differences in Childbirth
How do societies differ in childbirth?
They vary in their customs and perceptions of childbirth.
p.44
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
Is there a safe amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy?
No, there is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy.
p.14
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the germinal period?
The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception.
p.71
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the classification for extremely preterm infants?
Born at less than 28 weeks.
p.70
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are common health risks associated with preterm infants?
Respiratory issues, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays.
p.53
Nutrition and Maternal Health
Which nutrients have an increased need during pregnancy?
Folic acid, iron, calcium, and B vitamins.
p.1
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the prenatal period?
The time from conception to birth.
p.12
Process of Conception
What is contained in the head of the sperm?
The nucleus, which carries genetic material.
p.62
Stages of the Birthing Process
What begins the delivery stage of childbirth?
When the cervix is fully dilated to 10 centimeters.
p.17
Process of Conception
What type of information can one expect to find in the resource?
Guidance and tips on conception.
p.29
Periods of Prenatal Development
What period of development is referred to as the Fetus Period?
The stage of development during pregnancy after the embryonic stage.
p.44
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
A range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
p.23
Periods of Prenatal Development
How long does the fetal period last?
From the ninth week after conception until birth, typically around 30 weeks.
p.30
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What are environmental influences on prenatal development?
Factors in the environment that can affect the growth and development of a fetus.
p.33
Principles of Teratology
What is a key principle of teratology regarding individual differences?
There are individual differences in susceptibility to teratogens.
p.23
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the significance of the fetal period in prenatal development?
It is crucial for the growth and functional development of the fetus, preparing it for life outside the womb.
p.54
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are the developmental consequences of maternal stress during pregnancy?
Cognitive and language functioning issues.
p.71
Periods of Prenatal Development
What defines a preterm infant?
An infant born before their due date.
p.39
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does marijuana use affect fetal development?
It affects fetal length and birth weight.
p.60
Stages of the Birthing Process
What role does oxytocin play in childbirth?
It causes uterine contractions that help force the baby out.
p.59
Stages of the Birthing Process
What is the final stage of the birthing process?
Placental delivery, where the placenta is expelled.
p.10
Process of Conception
What are the main stages of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa.
p.40
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does cocaine use affect the birth weight of babies?
It can lead to low birth weights and smaller head circumferences.
p.38
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is a potential risk associated with illicit drug use during pregnancy?
Increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
p.14
Periods of Prenatal Development
What structure begins to form during the germinal period?
The placenta and umbilical cord.
p.38
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What learning issues can arise from illicit drug use during pregnancy?
Learning and intellectual deficits.
p.14
Periods of Prenatal Development
What happens to the zygote during the germinal period?
It transforms into a blastocyst before implantation.
p.10
Process of Conception
What is the role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
They support and nourish developing sperm cells.
p.79
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is Anencephaly?
A severe neural tube defect resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain.
p.74
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is the significance of early detection of congenital anomalies?
Early detection can lead to timely interventions and better outcomes for the affected individuals.
p.78
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What causes the development of gastroschisis?
Muscles that form the abdominal wall do not form correctly.
p.55
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal exercise benefit the baby?
It may improve the baby's brain development.
p.56
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does maternal age affect pregnancy and birth complications?
Complications increase with maternal age.
p.76
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
How do cleft lip and palate develop?
Cells grow from each side of the head and join together to form the face, but the tissue does not join completely.
p.66
Cultural Differences in Childbirth
What is natural birth?
A childbirth approach that emphasizes minimal medical intervention.
p.44
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
Can Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder be prevented?
Yes, by avoiding alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
p.30
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Name a key environmental factor that can impact prenatal development.
Exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or drugs.
p.33
Principles of Teratology
How does the amount of exposure to a teratogen affect its impact?
The amount of exposure influences its effects.
p.30
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal nutrition influence prenatal development?
Proper nutrition is essential for fetal growth and can prevent developmental issues.
p.33
Principles of Teratology
What type of effects do teratogens have on development?
Teratogens show complicated effects on development.
p.43
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are some craniofacial abnormalities associated with FASD?
Small nose, no philtrum, narrow forehead, small midface.
p.19
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the embryonic period?
The stage of prenatal development that occurs from the third to the eighth week after conception.
p.39
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What aspect of early life can marijuana affect?
Sleep patterns during the first few years.
p.71
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the classification for very preterm infants?
Born between 28 to 32 weeks.
p.80
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are congenital heart defects?
Defects that affect the structure of the heart and how blood flows through it.
p.34
Teratogens and Their Effects
Name a common type of hazard that can affect prenatal development.
Teratogens, such as drugs, alcohol, and certain infections.
p.19
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the significance of the embryonic period in prenatal development?
It is a critical time for the development of the embryo, where most major systems begin to form.
p.32
Principles of Teratology
What are critical periods in prenatal development?
Times when an embryo or fetus is more susceptible to damage from teratogens.
p.12
Process of Conception
What is the primary function of human sperm?
To fertilize the female egg.
p.12
Process of Conception
What is the role of the midpiece in sperm?
It contains mitochondria that provide energy for movement.
p.28
Periods of Prenatal Development
What significant change occurs in brain volume during the third trimester?
A three-fold increase in brain volume.
p.78
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is gastroschisis?
A birth defect of the abdominal wall where intestines are outside the body.
p.16
Periods of Prenatal Development
What process occurs during the Germinal Period?
Cleavage, which is rapid mitotic cell division.
p.76
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are cleft lip and cleft palate?
Cleft lip is an opening in the upper lip, and cleft palate is an opening in the roof of the mouth.
p.73
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does lack of positive touch affect premature infants?
It can hinder emotional and physical development.
p.66
Cultural Differences in Childbirth
What is a common approach to childbirth in the US?
Birth is generally private and occurs in a hospital.
p.36
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are the potential risks associated with antidepressants during pregnancy?
Elevated incidence of premature delivery, low birth weight, respiratory distress at birth, and delayed motor development.
p.44
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is the primary cause of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy.
p.10
Process of Conception
What is spermatogenesis?
The process of sperm cell development.
p.40
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are some potential effects of cocaine use during pregnancy?
Spontaneous miscarriage and preterm labor.
p.47
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are the consequences of lead exposure during pregnancy?
Low birth weight, brain damage, and a wide range of physical defects.
p.45
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What have some states sought to do regarding maternal drug use during pregnancy?
Penalize women for consuming illegal drugs while pregnant.
p.48
Principles of Teratology
What are the effects of ionizing radiation on pregnancy?
It can cause miscarriages, brain damage, and physical deformities.
p.77
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What normally happens to the intestines during weeks 6 to 10 of pregnancy?
They push out from the belly into the umbilical cord but normally go back into the abdomen around week 11.
p.19
Periods of Prenatal Development
What major developments occur during the embryonic period?
Formation of major organs and structures, including the heart, brain, and spinal cord.
p.81
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What should be discussed during prenatal care?
Any medications currently taking and any medical conditions.
p.19
Periods of Prenatal Development
How does the embryonic period differ from the pre-embryonic period?
The embryonic period involves significant organ development, while the pre-embryonic period focuses on cell division and implantation.
p.74
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is an example of a congenital anomaly?
Examples include cleft lip, spina bifida, and congenital heart defects.
p.44
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are some potential effects of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?
Physical, behavioral, and learning problems.
p.35
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are some examples of prescription drugs?
Antibiotics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and acne medication.
p.36
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What effect does high caffeine intake during pregnancy have?
Increases the risk of low birth weight.
p.47
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are some effects of BPA exposure during pregnancy?
Low birth weights, skin and brain deformities, and delayed cognitive impairment.
p.59
Stages of the Birthing Process
What occurs during the labor stage of birth?
Contractions of the uterus help to dilate the cervix.
p.47
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are the effects of mercury exposure on children?
Neural defects and later impairments in cognitive processing, attention, and memory.
p.70
Periods of Prenatal Development
What defines a preterm infant?
An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.
p.22
Periods of Prenatal Development
What major developments occur during the embryonic period?
Formation of major organs and structures, including the heart, brain, and spinal cord.
p.18
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are the main components of the umbilical cord?
Two arteries and one vein.
p.14
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the significance of the germinal period?
It is crucial for establishing the foundations for further development.
p.22
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the significance of the embryonic period in prenatal development?
It is a critical time for development, as the foundations for all major body systems are established.
p.71
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the classification for moderately preterm infants?
Born between 32 to 34 weeks.
p.70
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is a common intervention for preterm infants?
Neonatal intensive care to support breathing and feeding.
p.50
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is recommended regarding breastfeeding for mothers with HIV?
No breastfeeding is recommended.
p.51
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are maternal factors?
Conditions and behaviors of the mother that can influence prenatal development.
p.68
Stages of the Birthing Process
What reflex is commonly observed in newborns?
The rooting reflex, which helps them find the nipple for feeding.
p.80
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What does cyanosis indicate in infants?
It can be a sign of congenital heart defects, indicating insufficient oxygen in the blood.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
Name a type of drug that can act as a teratogen.
Prescription and non-prescription drugs.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are some examples of illicit substances that are teratogens?
Illicit drugs and prescription drugs.
p.2
Stages of the Birthing Process
What are the three stages of the birthing process?
The first stage (dilation), the second stage (delivery), and the third stage (placental delivery).
p.57
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is Rh incompatibility?
It occurs when the fetus and mother's red blood cell surface proteins are different.
p.57
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What can Rh incompatibility cause?
It can lead to issues during pregnancy.
p.21
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is gastrulation?
The process by which the embryo develops into three layers.
p.58
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can adult health be influenced?
By fetal life and infancy.
p.72
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is respiratory distress syndrome associated with?
Infants born less than 32 weeks gestation.
p.72
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
Intraventricular hemorrhage is most common in which gestational age?
Infants born less than 28 weeks gestation.
p.66
Cultural Differences in Childbirth
What is home birth?
A childbirth approach where the baby is delivered at home rather than in a hospital.
p.35
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What should pregnant women avoid?
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
p.43
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to various physical and cognitive impairments.
p.49
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is a potential effect of Rubella on infants?
It can affect the eyes and ears, causing brain damage and cerebral palsy.
p.22
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the embryonic period?
The stage of prenatal development that occurs from the third to the eighth week after conception.
p.77
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
When does the development of omphalocele occur during pregnancy?
During weeks 6 to 10 of pregnancy.
p.40
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What condition can occur due to cocaine use that involves the placental lining?
Separation of the placental lining from the uterus prior to delivery.
p.49
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What complications can Toxoplasmosis cause in newborns?
It may cause jaundice, eye infections, pneumonia, and seizures.
p.33
Principles of Teratology
When might the effects of some teratogens become visible?
Effects may not be visible until many years later.
p.30
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the impact of maternal age on prenatal development?
Advanced maternal age can increase the risk of genetic abnormalities and complications.
p.15
Periods of Prenatal Development
What begins to develop into part of the placenta on Day 13-14?
Outer layer of the blastocyst (trophoblast).
p.48
Principles of Teratology
What historical events are examples of the effects of ionizing radiation?
The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings in WWII.
p.80
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
How common are congenital heart defects?
They are the most common birth defects, affecting about 1% of all babies.
p.53
Nutrition and Maternal Health
What is fetal malnutrition associated with?
Increased susceptibility to certain diseases.
p.64
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is the purpose of the Apgar Scale?
To assess the condition of newborns.
p.38
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are withdrawal symptoms that may affect infants exposed to illicit drugs?
Tremors, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, and sleep disturbances.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What are non-prescription drugs?
Medications that can be purchased without a doctor's prescription.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What risks are increased by alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Stillbirth, miscarriage, and preterm delivery.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is an example of a prescription drug?
Antibiotics, which require a doctor's prescription.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
What effect does alcohol have on fetal development?
It can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is the Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder?
A condition that includes deficits in neurodevelopment due to alcohol exposure during pregnancy.
p.58
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What period significantly shapes the rest of a person's life?
The first 9 months of development.
p.23
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the fetal period?
The stage of prenatal development that occurs from the ninth week after conception until birth.
p.35
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are prescription drugs?
Medications that require a doctor's approval to obtain, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants.
p.47
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is BPA and where is it commonly found?
BPA (bisphenol A) is found in plastics.
p.18
Process of Conception
What is the role of the trophoblast in pregnancy?
It helps in the formation of the placenta.
p.72
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is retinopathy of prematurity?
A condition affecting very underdeveloped eyes in preterm infants.
p.63
Stages of the Birthing Process
What is the first stage of childbirth?
Expulsion of the placenta.
p.49
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are the possible consequences of Syphilis during pregnancy?
It may cause neonatal distress, intellectual disabilities, vision loss, and stillbirth.
p.33
Principles of Teratology
What kind of effects can some teratogens have that are not immediately obvious?
Some teratogens have subtle effects that result in developmental delays not obvious at birth.
p.53
Nutrition and Maternal Health
How many additional calories are recommended for pregnant women?
200 - 300 calories more per day.
p.22
Periods of Prenatal Development
How does the embryonic period differ from the fetal period?
The embryonic period focuses on organ formation, while the fetal period involves growth and maturation of those organs.
p.48
Principles of Teratology
Can a baby appear normal at birth but still be affected by radiation exposure?
Yes, they can display childhood cancer later on.
p.40
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does cocaine use impact the length of babies at birth?
Babies born to mothers who use cocaine are shorter in length.
p.81
Nutrition and Maternal Health
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
400 mcg daily during pregnancy and 1 month before conception.
p.71
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the classification for late preterm infants?
Born between 34 to 36 weeks.
p.38
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What serious complications can occur due to illicit drug use during pregnancy?
Placental abruption, miscarriage, and fetal death.
p.4
Periods of Prenatal Development
What are the three periods of prenatal development?
Germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is a teratogen?
An agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What are anesthetics?
Stronger painkillers that block sensation.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
What happens during the fetal period?
Continued growth and maturation of the fetus.
p.64
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What does a score of 4 to 6 on the Apgar Scale indicate?
The baby needs assistance.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is an example of a non-prescription drug?
Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen.
p.3
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What can affect prenatal development?
Genetic factors, maternal health, and environmental influences.
p.55
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What cardiovascular benefit can maternal exercise provide to the baby?
It may strengthen the baby's cardiovascular functioning.
p.56
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is the risk for mothers under 17 during pregnancy?
They are at higher risk for complications.
p.65
Stages of the Birthing Process
What complication can occur if the umbilical cord becomes compressed?
Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) for the baby.
p.59
Stages of the Birthing Process
What happens during the delivery stage?
The baby is pushed out through the birth canal.
p.14
Periods of Prenatal Development
What key event occurs during the germinal period?
The fertilized egg undergoes cell division and implantation in the uterine wall.
p.43
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What is the incidence rate of FASD?
2 - 7 infants per 1000 births.
p.45
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What is a requirement in about half of the states concerning drug-exposed newborns?
Physicians must report drug-exposed newborns to child protective services.
p.70
Periods of Prenatal Development
How does the gestational age affect the survival rate of preterm infants?
The earlier the birth, the higher the risk of complications and lower survival rates.
p.70
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What factors can contribute to preterm birth?
Multiple pregnancies, infections, and chronic health conditions.
p.80
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are some signs of congenital heart defects?
Poor feeding, cyanosis, and lethargy/fatigue.
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are the cognitive effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy?
Deficits in cognition, social interaction, communication, and adaptive behavior.
p.51
Nutrition and Maternal Health
What role does maternal nutrition play in prenatal development?
Proper nutrition is crucial for fetal growth and development, affecting birth weight and health.
p.52
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What condition is associated with infants being larger than expected for their gestational age?
Large-for-gestational-age infants.
p.51
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is the impact of maternal substance use during pregnancy?
Substance use can lead to teratogenic effects, resulting in congenital anomalies and developmental issues.
p.75
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are congenital anomalies?
Structural changes present at birth that can affect any organ or part of the body.
What happens during meiosis II?
Sister chromatids are separated, resulting in four haploid cells.
p.2
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What are some medical interventions in childbirth?
Cesarean sections, epidurals, and induction of labor.
p.63
Stages of the Birthing Process
What happens during the expulsion of the placenta?
The placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled by contractions.
p.30
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
How can environmental pollutants affect prenatal development?
They can lead to birth defects and developmental delays.
p.34
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What are hazards to prenatal development?
Factors that can negatively affect the growth and development of a fetus.
p.10
Process of Conception
How long does spermatogenesis take?
Approximately 64 to 72 days.
p.50
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What has happened to mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the United States over the past decade?
It has decreased substantially.
p.19
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What can affect development during the embryonic period?
Teratogens, maternal health, and environmental factors.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What are prescription drugs?
Medications that require a doctor's authorization to be dispensed.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
What occurs during the germinal period?
Fertilization and initial cell division, leading to the formation of a blastocyst.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is a key difference between prescription and non-prescription drugs?
Prescription drugs require a doctor's approval, while non-prescription drugs do not.
What is crossing over in meiosis?
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is an epidural?
A type of anesthetic used during childbirth.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is a cesarean delivery?
An incision made in the mother's lower abdomen to lift the baby out of the uterus.
p.75
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are some genetic risk factors for congenital anomalies?
Genetic factors and exposure to teratogens.
p.27
Periods of Prenatal Development
When is the fetus capable of hearing sounds?
By 15 - 17 weeks; responds to sound by 25 weeks gestation.
p.46
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What type of chemical is DDT and is it commonly used in the United States?
DDT is a pesticide and is not commonly used in the United States anymore.
p.40
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What cognitive effects can cocaine exposure have on children?
Reduced intelligence and social skills.
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is prenatal development?
The process of growth and development of a fetus during pregnancy.
p.46
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What are some other types of environmental toxins mentioned?
Other chemicals and radiation.
p.2
Periods of Prenatal Development
What are the three periods of prenatal development?
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
p.80
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What might poor feeding in a baby suggest?
It could be a symptom of congenital heart defects.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is nitric oxide used for in labor?
As a form of labor medication.
p.2
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are teratogens?
Drugs, illnesses, and environmental factors that can cause malformations in a developing fetus.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What does the term Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refer to?
A range of physical, mental, and behavioral issues due to alcohol exposure.
What are the phases of meiosis I?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (p-FAS)?
A less severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder with some but not all features of FAS.
p.75
Teratogens and Their Effects
What teratogens are known to increase the risk of congenital anomalies?
Smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
p.75
Nutrition and Maternal Health
How does maternal nutritional status affect congenital anomalies?
Deficiencies, such as folate deficiency, can increase risk.
p.77
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What happens in the case of omphalocele regarding the intestines?
The intestines do not go back into the abdomen.
p.4
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is prenatal development?
The process in which the zygote progresses through several stages of development from an embryo to a fetus.
p.45
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What do several agencies argue about criminal sanctions for maternal drug use?
They increase the risk of harm by discouraging prenatal and postnatal care.
p.34
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal health impact prenatal development?
Poor maternal health can lead to complications and developmental issues in the fetus.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What is fetal monitoring?
Electronic instruments that monitor an infant's heart rate during labor.
p.68
Stages of the Birthing Process
What is the average weight range for a newborn?
Typically between 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg).
How many rounds of division occur in meiosis?
Two rounds: meiosis I and meiosis II.
p.50
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What are common health issues among HIV-infected children?
Growth stunting, chronic infections, and developmental delays.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
How can radiation affect a developing fetus?
It can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
p.27
Periods of Prenatal Development
What appears at the beginning of the 20th week?
Fine hair (lanugo) and skin coated with vernix caseosa.
p.68
Stages of the Birthing Process
What is a key characteristic of a newborn's physical condition?
Newborns typically have a soft skull to allow for passage through the birth canal.
p.81
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What substances should be avoided during pregnancy?
Alcohol, cigarette smoking, and illicit drugs.
What is the process of conception?
The process by which a sperm fertilizes an egg, leading to the formation of a zygote.
p.67
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What are analgesics used for during childbirth?
To relieve pain and help the mother relax.
p.51
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does maternal stress impact prenatal development?
High levels of stress can lead to complications such as low birth weight and preterm birth.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
How does tobacco act as a teratogen?
It can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
How long does prenatal development typically last?
About 40 weeks from the last menstrual period.
p.3
Principles of Teratology
What is a critical period in prenatal development?
A time when specific organs or structures are most susceptible to damage.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
What role does environmental pollution play in fetal development?
It can act as a teratogen, causing damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
p.34
Nutrition and Maternal Health
What role does nutrition play in prenatal development?
Adequate nutrition is essential for proper fetal growth and development.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
What are the three main periods of prenatal development?
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells, while mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells.
p.3
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the significance of the embryonic period?
Major organs and structures begin to develop.
p.64
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What does a score of 7 and up on the Apgar Scale indicate?
The baby is in good condition.
p.51
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How does maternal health prior to pregnancy affect prenatal development?
Pre-existing health conditions can complicate pregnancy and affect fetal development.
p.75
Congenital Anomalies and Birth Defects
What factors can influence the severity of congenital anomalies?
They can range in severity from mild to severe.
p.27
Periods of Prenatal Development
When do limb movements begin in the fetus?
Around week 14, but not felt by the mother until 17 - 22 weeks.
p.75
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal medical conditions affect congenital anomalies?
Certain maternal medical conditions can increase the risk.
p.51
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal age affect prenatal development?
Older maternal age can increase the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and complications during pregnancy.
p.34
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
What environmental factors can pose hazards to prenatal development?
Exposure to pollutants, chemicals, and radiation.
p.2
Principles of Teratology
What are the principles of teratology?
The study of how environmental factors can cause birth defects.
p.64
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
When is the Apgar Scale administered?
At one minute and again at five minutes after birth.
p.37
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
Can non-prescription drugs be used for self-medication?
Yes, they are often used for self-treatment of minor ailments.
p.2
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
How can maternal characteristics affect prenatal development?
Maternal age, health, nutrition, and behaviors can significantly influence fetal development.
p.42
Teratogens and Their Effects
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
A severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder characterized by specific physical and developmental issues.
p.64
Medical Interventions in Childbirth
What does a score of 3 and below on the Apgar Scale indicate?
The baby needs medical intervention.
p.52
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What can premature birth lead to in terms of infant size?
Small-for-gestational-age babies.
p.75
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
Which maternal infections are associated with congenital anomalies?
Zika, syphilis, and rubella.
p.2
Maternal Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
What other maternal factors influence development during the prenatal period?
Factors such as stress, substance use, and prenatal care access.
p.27
Periods of Prenatal Development
What is the survival rate for fetuses born after 26 weeks?
They usually survive if born preterm.
p.31
Teratogens and Their Effects
What are other maternal factors that can act as teratogens?
Various maternal health conditions and exposures.
