p.2
Overview of Immunology
What is immunology?
The amalgamation of all physiological and cellular processes the host uses to recognize and remove foreign material.
p.2
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the key processes involved in the immune response?
Elimination, neutralization, and metabolism of foreign material.
p.2
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is a hallmark of an immune response?
The ability to differentiate between self and nonself.
p.2
Immune Response Mechanisms
What happens if a foreign substance cannot be blocked by the skin and mucous secretions?
It comes into contact with the immune cells.
p.3
Overview of Immunology
What is the title of the book edited by JA Bellanti?
Immunology IV: Clinical Applications in Health.
p.6
Overview of Immunology
What is the title of the book edited by JA Bellanti?
Immunology IV: Clinical Applications in Health.
p.31
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Why are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) located in different cellular compartments?
Because pathogens enter the cell in different ways, necessitating 'guards' at various locations.
p.4
Timing of immune responses
What is the significance of timing in immune responses?
Timing affects the effectiveness and coordination of the immune response.
p.29
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Which innate immune cells majorly express PRRs?
Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
p.29
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Where are PRRs expressed in the cell?
They are expressed on the cell surface and within intracellular compartments.
p.21
Overview of Immunology
What is the title of the book edited by JA Bellanti?
Immunology IV: Clinical Applications in Health and Disease.
p.25
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is NETosis?
A process by which neutrophils expel their DNA to trap and kill pathogens.
p.4
Timing of immune responses
What is the conversion of 5/7 days to weeks?
Approximately 0.71 weeks or about 5 days.
p.11
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns common among different pathogens.
p.40
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What does LPS induce in cells?
Cell activation and maturation.
p.11
Immune Response Mechanisms
How do innate immune cells respond to PAMPs?
They can respond quickly.
p.7
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
What are the lymphoid elements located under the mucosal surface called?
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT).
p.11
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What do organisms have that allows them to recognize PAMPs?
A set of inherited receptors.
p.28
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
In which organisms are PRRs expressed?
Many eukaryotic organisms, including zebrafish, drosophila flies, mice, non-human primates, and humans.
p.43
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
When are DAMPs released?
By cells under stress or death.
p.45
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
In which journal was the study on DAMP release published?
JASN (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology).
p.7
Immune Response Mechanisms
What happens when foreign substances penetrate the skin or mucosal barriers?
They enter the blood or lymphatic vessels.
p.17
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells?
They give rise to all types of blood cells, including immune cells.
p.7
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
What are the natural routes through which foreign substances enter the body?
Skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract.
p.18
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is the role of the thymus in immune cell development?
It is where T cells mature.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
Where are fatty acids found and what is their function?
Found in sweat; they inhibit bacterial growth.
p.20
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What are the two main lineages of hematopoietic differentiation?
Myeloid lineage and Lymphoid lineage.
p.41
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is the role of AP-1 in TLR4 signaling?
It is a transcription factor involved in the inflammatory response.
p.18
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is a key characteristic of central immune cell development?
No contact with antigens (Ag).
p.5
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is immune tolerance?
The absence of an immune response to a foreign substance.
p.25
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the significance of NETosis in the immune system?
It helps to immobilize and kill pathogens, preventing their spread.
p.29
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Do all cell types express PRRs?
Yes, PRRs can be expressed by all cell types.
p.44
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What do DAMPs stand for?
Danger (Damage) - associated molecular patterns.
p.44
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
When are DAMPs released?
By cells under stress or death.
p.20
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What does the lymphoid lineage give rise to?
Lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
p.18
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What are the peripheral sites for immune cell activity?
Lymph nodes (LNs), spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT).
p.13
Adaptive vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the function of memory in adaptive immunity?
To rapidly respond to the same antigen upon re-encounter.
p.5
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the two general categories of immune recognition?
Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity.
p.23
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How do natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the innate immune response?
By identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What is the role of acidic pH in mechanical barriers?
Inhibits bacterial growth.
p.31
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Where does the replication of viral DNA/RNA occur if a cell is infected?
In the cytoplasm and vesicles.
p.24
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are macrophages?
A type of immune cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris and pathogens.
p.20
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What does the myeloid lineage give rise to?
Various types of blood cells including red blood cells, platelets, and certain white blood cells.
p.44
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What types of cell death can lead to the release of DAMPs?
Non-apoptotic cell death such as necrosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis.
p.13
Adaptive vs. Adaptive Immunity
What does heterogeneity in adaptive immunity refer to?
The variety of cells and mediators involved.
p.49
Overview of Immunology
What are the two main types of immune responses?
Innate and adaptive immune responses.
p.22
Immune Response Mechanisms
What role do perforin and complement play in the innate immune system?
They are cytotoxic factors that help in destroying pathogens.
p.13
Adaptive vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immunity.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What are the two types of dimers that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can form?
Heterodimers and homodimers.
p.23
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
They act as antigen-presenting cells that activate adaptive immunity.
p.30
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) also found besides the surface?
In endosomal compartments.
p.29
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
Molecules expressed by innate immune cells that recognize pathogens.
p.24
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the primary function of macrophages?
To phagocytize (engulf and digest) pathogens and dead cells.
p.25
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are neutrophils?
A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response.
p.45
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
Who are the authors of the study on DAMP release?
Hans - Joachim Anders and Liliana Schaefer.
p.19
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is hematopoiesis?
The process where cells in the blood are formed through a series of differentiation events.
p.26
Immune Response Mechanisms
How do dendritic cells contribute to inflammation?
Through cross-talk involving cytokines and chemokines.
p.47
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
How do DAMPs contribute to immunopathology?
DAMPs can activate immune cells and promote inflammation, leading to tissue damage and disease.
p.42
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What role do chemokines play in TLR4 signaling?
They are produced as a result of TLR4 signaling.
p.23
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the primary function of macrophages?
To engulf and digest pathogens and dead cells.
p.17
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
Where do immune cells originate from?
Immune cells come from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
p.41
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What type of interferon is produced as a result of TLR4 signaling?
Type I interferon (IFN I).
p.24
Immune Response Mechanisms
How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?
By presenting antigens to T cells and releasing cytokines to recruit other immune cells.
p.18
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
Where do immune cells originate from?
Stem cells from the bone marrow (BM).
p.43
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What does DAMPs stand for?
Danger (Damage) - associated molecular patterns.
p.39
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What type of receptor is TLR4?
A homodimer expressed on the cell surface.
p.24
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is the origin of macrophages?
They originate from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell.
p.23
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are innate immune cells?
Cells that provide the first line of defense against pathogens and respond quickly to infections.
p.26
Adaptive vs. Innate Immunity
What role do dendritic cells play in T cell activation?
They process and present antigens to T cells, inducing adaptive immunity.
p.49
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What do Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize?
They recognize foreign Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs).
p.48
Immune Response Mechanisms
How do DAMPs contribute to sterile inflammation?
By activating immune cells in response to tissue injury.
p.42
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
Can self molecules trigger TLR4 signaling?
Yes, some self molecules can trigger TLR4 signaling.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the primary characteristic of innate immunity?
It is the body's first line of defense and responds quickly to pathogens.
p.28
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What do innate immune cells use to recognize pathogens?
A set of germ-line receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
p.24
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
Where are macrophages found in the body?
In tissues throughout the body, including the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes.
p.48
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What does DAMPs stand for?
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns.
p.39
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What does TLR4 recognize?
LPS (lipopolysaccharides).
p.10
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What does innate immunity include?
Physical and chemical barriers.
p.7
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immunity mentioned?
Innate and Adaptive immunity.
p.5
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What do innate immunity receptors recognize?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
Can you name examples of heterodimers in Toll-like receptors?
TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4/CD36.
p.22
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are chemokines?
Cytokines that specifically attract or direct cell movements.
p.22
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the function of natural killer cells in the innate immune system?
They play a crucial role in the destruction of infected or cancerous cells.
p.19
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What role do stromal cells play in hematopoiesis?
They produce cytokines or facilitate cell-cell contacts for HSC differentiation.
p.22
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the major components of the innate immune system?
Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages), dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.
p.19
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What are HSCs?
Long-term re-populating cells in the blood formation process.
p.42
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is a key aspect of inflammation related to TLR4?
TLR4 signaling contributes to inflammation.
p.10
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the first response of innate immunity?
Recognizing foreign substances without specific induction.
What does adaptive immunity encode?
A small set of genes that engage in somatic recombination.
p.13
Adaptive vs. Adaptive Immunity
What characterizes the responses in adaptive immunity?
They are genetically controlled, interdependent, and interactive.
p.23
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is non-specific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What do activated adaptor proteins do in Toll-like receptor signaling?
They recruit other proteins to carry on the signal downstream.
p.30
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
A type of Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) found on the surface.
p.30
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are C-type lectins?
A type of surface Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR).
p.22
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are inflammatory cytokines?
Cytokines that promote inflammation and attract immune cells to sites of infection.
p.32
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is the role of UNC93B1 in relation to TLRs?
UNC93B1 interacts more strongly with TLR9 than with other TLRs.
p.49
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What diseases does TLR4 regulate?
Tumor growth and other diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What role do accessory proteins play in Toll-like receptor signaling?
They are involved in the signaling process, examples include CD14, MD-2, and LBP.
p.47
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What are DAMPs in the context of immunopathology?
DAMPs, or Danger Associated Molecular Patterns, are molecules released by stressed cells that can trigger an immune response.
p.25
Immune Response Mechanisms
How do neutrophils contribute to the immune response?
By engulfing pathogens and releasing substances that kill microbes.
p.43
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
Are DAMPs associated with apoptosis?
No, they are not associated with apoptosis.
p.7
Immune Response Mechanisms
Where do foreign substances eventually encounter components of the immune system?
In lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
p.47
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the potential therapeutic implication of targeting DAMPs?
Targeting DAMPs may help in reducing inflammation and tissue damage in various diseases.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
How do protease inhibitors function?
They inhibit bacterial function by inhibiting protease activity.
p.28
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
How similar are the functions of PRRs across different species?
They are vastly similar, with many discoveries made in non-human organisms.
p.28
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What have scientists uncovered over the years regarding PRRs?
The receptors and associated pathways that trigger immune responses.
p.43
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What are some processes associated with DAMPs?
Necrosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis.
p.30
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)?
Cytosolic Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
p.49
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is the primary function of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)?
TLRs primarily respond to foreign PAMPs.
p.32
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What PAMPs are recognized by TLR2?
Lipoproteins, LTA, PGN, and lipoarabinomannan.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is a key feature of adaptive immunity?
It develops over time and improves upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What do lysozymes do?
They destroy bacteria by hydrolyzing the polysaccharide component of the cell wall.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the effect of uric acid in diabetic nephropathy (DN)?
It activates inflammation through the NLRP3 receptor.
p.48
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of DAMPs in the immune response?
They signal tissue damage and initiate sterile inflammation.
p.47
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the significance of the study by Hans - Joachim Anders and Liliana Schaefer?
The study discusses the role of DAMPs in kidney diseases and their implications for nephrology.
p.34
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors?
To recognize foreign substances.
p.30
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are NOD-like receptors (NLRs)?
Another type of cytosolic Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR).
p.49
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What roles does TLR signaling play in the immune system?
It plays important roles in the induction of inflammation, adaptive immunity, and diseases.
p.10
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How is innate immunity characterized in terms of evolution?
It is germline and primitive.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What do the cytosolic tails of Toll-like receptors bind to?
Adaptor proteins such as MyD88, TRIF, and TIRAP.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What cells are primarily involved in adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What is the function of cationic proteins in sweat and secretions?
They exert antibacterial activity by binding to lipid cellular membranes.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
Which DAMP is linked to endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease?
HDL, which activates inflammation via TLR2.
p.19
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development
What is the first step in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
To form myeloid or lymphoid progenitors from CD34+ HSCs.
p.48
Immune Response Mechanisms
What is sterile inflammation?
An inflammatory response that occurs without the presence of pathogens.
p.13
Adaptive vs. Adaptive Immunity
How does adaptive immunity recognize antigens?
In a highly precise and specific fashion.
p.34
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Molecular structures recognized by Toll-like receptors, mostly from pathogens.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens and has a memory component.
p.10
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize?
Foreign substances as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the effect of amyloid-beta in kidney disease?
It activates NLRP3 in dendritic cells and macrophages.
What do highly specific antigen recognizing receptors include?
MHC or Ig, and antibodies (Ab) against epitopes.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What type of response does innate immunity provide?
A non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens.
p.34
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is an example of a cell wall component recognized by Toll-like receptors?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide).
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What is the role of lactoferrin in secretions?
It inhibits bacterial growth by binding iron.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
How does biglycan affect kidney diseases?
It induces inflammation via NLRP3 and P2X7 in renal fibrosis, lupus nephritis, and other conditions.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the role of hyaluronan in kidney inflammation?
It induces inflammation via TLR2/TLR4, though not confirmed in mesangial cells.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What is the final outcome of Toll-like receptor signaling?
Activation of transcription factors that stimulate gene transcription.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
Which DAMP is associated with fibrosis and metabolic syndrome?
ATP, which mediates renal inflammation via P2X7.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the significance of uromodulin in AKI?
Its role is unclear, but it may be involved in cytokine and DAMP clearance from the kidney.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What is the function of peroxidases in secretions?
They catalyze oxidation of lipid membranes of bacteria.
p.10
Immune Response Mechanisms
What are typical reactions from PRR-expressing cells?
1. Phagocytosis 2. Inflammation 3. Cytotoxicity.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How long does it take for adaptive immunity to respond?
Days to weeks after the initial exposure.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the role of HMGB1 in kidney disease?
It induces inflammation through TLR2/TLR4 in sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI).
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Does innate immunity have a memory component?
No, it does not have a memory component.
p.32
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What is the role of NALP3 in PAMP detection?
NALP3 is involved in recognizing various PAMPs, including flagellin and RNA.
p.46
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
What is the function of decorin in sepsis?
It activates TLR2/TLR4, contributing to inflammation.
p.36
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Functions
What happens when the cytosolic tail of TLRs undergoes a conformational change?
It activates the adaptor proteins.
p.16
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What cells are primarily involved in innate immunity?
Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What properties do histidine-rich proteins (histatins) have?
They exert antifungal properties by disrupting mitochondrial function.
p.9
Mechanical Barriers in Immunity
What are defensins and their role?
They are antibacterial peptides secreted by leukocytes, active against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
