p.32
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
Is there effective prophylaxis for HCV after exposure?
No, there is no effective prophylaxis.
p.2
Transmission Routes of BBP
How can blood borne pathogens enter the body?
Through a break in the skin (cut, burn, lesion).
p.29
Sharps Injury Management
Who should a sharps injury be reported to?
The supervisor in charge.
p.22
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the gender distribution of reported HIV infections from 1984 to 2023?
The data indicates a predominance of male infections.
p.14
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
What is the role of IgG in the immune response?
IgG is involved in the late immune response to infections.
p.29
Sharps Injury Management
What form should be filled out after a sharps injury?
The 'Injury - On - Duty' form.
p.26
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is a significant consequence of impaired immunity in HIV patients?
Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
p.6
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What characterizes acute viral hepatitis?
The body's immune system clears the virus within 6 months.
p.25
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the initial clinical course of HIV?
Clinically asymptomatic, lasting for years.
p.26
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What happens to CD4-T cells during the clinical course of HIV?
They decrease to a minimum, leading to impaired immunity.
p.6
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What characterizes chronic viral hepatitis?
Infection lasts longer than 6 months as the virus cannot be cleared by the host immunity.
p.24
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What are the initial symptoms of HIV infection?
Fever and non-specific flu-like symptoms that are self-limiting.
p.14
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
When is IgM typically produced during an infection?
During the early stages of the immune response.
p.9
Transmission Routes of BBP
What are other routes of HBV transmission?
Sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, sharps/needle stick injury, and congenital transmission.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does total anti-HBc indicate in acute hepatitis B infection?
It indicates past or current infection with hepatitis B virus.
p.27
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What is the window period in HIV infection?
The early phase of infection when the individual is infectious but antibodies are not yet developed.
p.25
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
How does the virus behave during the clinical latency phase of HIV?
The virus is less active than in the acute phase but still infectious.
p.9
Transmission Routes of BBP
What is the major source of HBV transmission?
Contact with HBV infected blood through a wound.
p.21
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What does chronic inflammation in the liver lead to?
Fibrosis (formation of scar tissue).
p.29
Sharps Injury Management
Where should a person go after a sharps injury?
The Accident & Emergency Department.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does IgG anti-HBc signify?
It signifies past infection or recovery from hepatitis B.
p.18
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What are potential outcomes of chronic HBV infection?
Cirrhosis, liver failure, and death.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does IgM anti-HBc indicate?
It indicates a recent or acute hepatitis B infection.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does HBeAg indicate?
It indicates high levels of viral replication and infectivity.
p.4
Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens
What virus is responsible for HIV infection?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
p.32
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
Is there an effective vaccine for HCV?
No, there is no effective vaccine.
p.12
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?
30 to 180 days, with an average of about 75 days.
p.17
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What is one method to diagnose Hepatitis B infection?
Testing for HBV DNA by PCR.
p.26
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is clinical latency in the context of HIV?
A stage where the virus is active but reproduces at very low levels, and the person may not have symptoms.
p.5
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What is HFV considered?
A mutant of HBV and not a separate entity.
p.17
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What types of antibodies can be tested for Hepatitis D?
Anti-HDV (IgM and/or IgG).
p.17
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What types of antibodies can be tested for Hepatitis E?
Anti-HEV (IgM and/or IgG).
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
How does post-exposure treatment influence the risk of infection?
Timely post-exposure treatment can significantly reduce the risk of infection.
p.18
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What happens to almost all individuals with acute HBV infection, except infants?
They almost all self-recover.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
What should be encouraged for minor percutaneous injuries?
Encourage bleeding, but the wound should not be sucked.
p.1
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
Why is it important to know about blood borne pathogens?
Infection from a bloodborne pathogen can result in chronic infection, serious illness, and death.
p.14
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
What is the role of IgM in the immune response?
IgM is involved in the early immune response to infections.
p.8
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What type of genome does HBV contain?
Partially double-stranded circular DNA genome.
p.5
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What is unique about HDV?
It depends on HBV infection and is not classified.
p.29
Sharps Injury Management
What information should be provided at the Accident & Emergency Department?
The name and identification of the source patient.
p.7
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What type of virus is HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, an RNA virus.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
What is the first step in managing an intact skin exposure to a sharps injury?
Wash off blood under running water with skin antisepsis.
p.34
Breastfeeding Guidelines for Infected Mothers
Is breastfeeding recommended for mothers with HIV infection?
No, it is not recommended.
p.14
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
When is IgG typically produced during an infection?
During the later stages of the immune response.
p.21
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the consequence of extensive scarring in the liver?
It blocks blood flow and deteriorates liver function.
p.7
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What happens during the penetration stage of an RNA virus's life cycle?
The virus enters the host cell.
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What impact do immunity and health conditions have on the risk of infection?
Individuals with compromised immunity or pre-existing health conditions may be at higher risk for infection.
p.30
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What symptoms should individuals be aware of regarding hepatitis and HIV?
Symptoms of hepatitis and HIV seroconversion illness.
p.6
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
What is viral hepatitis?
A systemic disease primarily causing inflammation of the liver by any hepatotropic virus.
p.25
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What happens to CD4-T cell levels during HIV infection?
CD4-T cells are destroyed by the virus, and their levels decrease gradually.
p.20
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What are the potential outcomes of chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Cirrhosis and liver cancer.
p.15
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does a negative HBsAg and positive Anti-HBs indicate?
Not infected or prior vaccination for HBV.
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What factors determine the risk of infection from blood borne pathogens?
Pathogen type, route of exposure, quantity of pathogen, post-exposure treatment, and immunity or health conditions of the infected individual.
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
How does the type of pathogen affect the risk of infection?
Different pathogens have varying levels of virulence and modes of transmission.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does HBsAg signify?
It signifies active hepatitis B infection.
p.13
Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens
What does HBsAg stand for?
Hepatitis B surface antigen.
p.7
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the next step after the production of Viral DNA in the life cycle of RNA viruses?
Integration into the host genome.
p.13
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What does HBeAg indicate in Hepatitis B infection?
It indicates high infectivity.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
How should the eye be treated after mucosal exposure?
Flush with water or saline.
p.33
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
What does the effectiveness of anti-retroviral treatment depend on?
Timing of initiation and combination of drugs based on risk.
p.1
Definition of Blood Borne Pathogens (BBP)
What are blood borne pathogens (BBP)?
Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and can cause disease.
p.24
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What occurs several weeks after exposure to HIV?
The clinical course of HIV begins.
p.8
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What is the structure of the HBV core?
Icosahedral nucleocapsid core.
p.34
Breastfeeding Guidelines for Infected Mothers
What does anti-viral treatment do for HIV-infected mothers?
It decreases the risk of transmission but does not eliminate it.
p.12
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What are common symptoms of Hepatitis B?
Jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting.
p.17
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What types of antibodies can be tested for Hepatitis C?
Anti-HCV (IgM and/or IgG).
p.27
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is clinical latency in the context of HIV?
A phase where the virus is present but the individual may not show symptoms.
p.7
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What type of virus is HBV?
Hepatitis B Virus, a DNA virus.
p.7
Types of Hepatitis Viruses
What is a unique feature of HBV's life cycle?
It involves reverse transcription.
p.30
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What should be avoided to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens?
Pregnancy blood donation and unsafe sex.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
What is the first action for mucosal eye exposure?
Remove contact lens if present.
p.34
Breastfeeding Guidelines for Infected Mothers
What do newborns in Hong Kong receive to prevent hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccine.
p.29
Sharps Injury Management
Which team should the injury report be sent to?
The Hospital Infection Control team.
p.9
Transmission Routes of BBP
How can HBV be transmitted from mother to infant?
Through congenital transmission.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What are the symptoms if acute hepatitis B progresses to chronic?
Symptoms may include fatigue, jaundice, and liver dysfunction.
p.13
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does Anti-HBs indicate?
It is an antibody that indicates recovery and immunity to Hepatitis B.
p.13
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What is the significance of Total anti-HBc?
It indicates past or ongoing infection with Hepatitis B.
p.24
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the viral load like during the initial phase of HIV infection?
There is a high level of virus in the body, making it highly infectious.
p.26
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What are some opportunistic infections associated with HIV?
TB, Cryptococcosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, zoster, and toxoplasma.
p.9
Transmission Routes of BBP
Which population is particularly affected by congenital transmission of HBV?
Asians, as it is one of the most common routes.
p.21
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What is the progression of liver damage?
Liver fibrosis → Liver cirrhosis → Hepatocarcinoma.
p.21
Clinical Course of HIV Infection
What condition can chronic inflammation lead to in the liver?
Cancer (hepatocarcinoma).
p.10
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
Which patients are at risk due to their medical condition?
Chronic renal failure patients.
p.19
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
Is acute HCV infection usually life-threatening?
Very rarely associated with life-threatening disease.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
How should percutaneous wounds be washed?
With soap and water, but without scrubbing.
p.28
Sharps Injury Management
What should be done after washing a percutaneous wound?
Disinfect and dress the wound.
p.31
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
What factors determine the HBV post-exposure prophylaxis?
HBsAg status of the source patient and post-vaccination anti-HBs status of the staff.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does the presence of anti-HBs indicate?
It indicates recovery from hepatitis B or vaccination.
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
Why is the quantity of pathogen important in assessing infection risk?
Higher quantities of pathogens can increase the likelihood of infection.
p.4
Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens
What is co-infection?
When two or more infections occur at the same time.
p.13
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does IgM anti-HBc indicate?
It indicates acute Hepatitis B infection.
p.13
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What is the relationship between HBcAg and infectivity?
HBcAg is associated with active infection and high infectivity.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does the presence of anti-HBe suggest?
It suggests a lower level of viral replication and infectivity.
p.13
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What indicates a past infection of Hepatitis B?
Presence of IgG and absence of IgM.
p.10
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
Which group is at risk due to their relationship with infected individuals?
Sex partners of those with HBV.
p.10
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What type of individuals are considered at risk due to their sexual behavior?
Sexually promiscuous people.
p.15
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What does a negative Anti-HBc IgM, negative Anti-HBc IgG, and positive HBsAg indicate?
Early acute HBV infection.
p.33
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
When should anti-retroviral treatment be initiated after a sharps injury?
Preferably within 1 - 2 hours.
p.30
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What is important for risk assessment regarding exposure?
Infection status of the source and testing with consent and confidentiality.
p.15
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What is indicated by a negative Anti-HBc IgM and positive Anti-HBc IgG?
Resolved acute HBV infection.
p.3
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What role does the route of exposure play in the risk of infection?
Certain routes of exposure may increase the likelihood of infection, such as needlesticks versus contact with intact skin.
p.19
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C
What are some common symptoms of Hepatitis C?
Jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, grey-colored faeces, joint pain.
p.13
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What does the presence of Anti-HBe indicate?
It indicates low infectivity.
p.4
Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens
Give an example of a co-infection.
HIV and HCV co-infection.
p.30
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What should be done with serum for future tests?
Store serum for future tests.
p.33
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for BBP
What should not be delayed after a sharps injury?
The initiation of anti-retroviral treatment.
p.30
Risk Factors for BBP Infection
What baseline tests should be conducted?
Anti-HBs, HIV, and HCV antibodies.
